一、定义
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。
二、结构
肯定句：主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他
I had told people what he had been doing, so now the police were onto him.我已将他的所作所为告诉了别人，因此现在警方正在追查他。He had made a friend of both girls. We had almost reached the end of the street. 否定句：主语 + had not + 过去分词 + 其他She had not waited for any explanation but had condemned him unheard.We had not been able to gain admittance to the flat.I hadn't really thought about it until this exact moment. 一般疑问句：Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?Had he been indiscreet in what he had said? 回答：Yes, he had./No, he hadn't.
Had she missed something important, or was this just a non sequitur? 回答：Yes, she had./No, she hadn't.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组 + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他？What had Cutter done to make him stick out from the crowd? Why had she ever trusted her? In point of fact she never had, she reminded herself. 她为什么要相信她呢？实际上，她从未信任过，她提醒着自己。被动语态：主语 + had + been + 过去分词 + 其他Ten bridges had been built by them.The wrong man had been punished.My neighbour's door had been kicked in. I found that my flat had been burgled. 1、表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for, since 构成的时间状语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.2、叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。Mr.Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 3、在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed.She found the key that she had lost.4、过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。He said that he had known her well.I thought I had sent the letter a week before.Mr Knight said that he had resigned for personal reasons. 5、状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如: when, before, after, as soon as, till/until引导的复合句。When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.6、如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含 before 和 after 的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.I started getting personal advice before we reached San Juan.I thought he would change after we got married.7、动词 think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.We had hoped to be able to come and see you.8、过去完成时还可用在 hardly … when …, no sooner … than …, it was the first (second, etc) time (that) …等固定句型中。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.9、表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用 by, before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.I had written the email before he apologized.She had met him before the party.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.他走进房间，打开灯，读晚报。Fortunately the rain stopped before we started. The beans swelled up after being soaked. 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。I have learned 1000 English words so far. I had learned 1000 English words till then. A: I'm sorry to keep you waiting.B: Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
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