一、状语从句的类型及引导词
状语从句根据其用途可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句九种。
时间状语从句：由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, until / till, as soon as, since, once等连词，directly和immediately等词，by the time, every time, the moment, the minute等表示时间的短语以及no sooner ... than或hardly ... when引导。
地点状语从句：由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引导。
原因状语从句：由because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that等引导。
目的状语从句：由so, so that, in case, in order that, for fear (that)等引导。
结果状语从句：由so (that), so ... that, such ... that, with the result that等引导。
条件状语从句：由if, unless, so / as long as, only if, provided, on condition that, in case, suppose / supposing (that)等引导。
让步状语从句：由although, though, even if / though, as等连词，“疑问词+ ever”构成的复合词，“no matter +疑问词”或whether ... or引导。
方式状语从句：由as, like, as if / though, the way等引导。
比较状语从句：主要由than或as引导。
二、引导状语从句的常用连词注意事项
1. when
1）when引导时间状语从句时，从句的动作既可与主句的动作同时发生，也可先后发生。如：
Herbert was having his dinner when I saw him.
When the lights went out, I lit some candles.
2）when可以引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。如：
I’ll give it to you when you say “please”.
2. while
1）while引导时间状语从句时，从句的谓语一般是延续性动词（如work, stay, wait, live等）。如：
Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
2）while引导让步状语从句时，相当于although / though。while和although引导的让步状语从句不用倒装语序，though引导的让步状语从句可以倒装也可以不倒装。如：
While / Although / Though the bride is happy, she will feel homesick at the beginning.
Happy though the bride is, she will feel homesick at the beginning.
3. until和till
1）until和till都表示“直到”，常可互换，但till一般不用于句首，也不用于强调句中。
2）until / till从句与肯定的主句连用时，主句的谓语动词一般是延续性动词，表示主句的动作一直持续到until / till所表示的时间为止。如：
You may stay here until the rain stops.
Mr. Bush remained there till his brother arrived.
3）until / till从句与否定的主句连用时，主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示“直到……才”，即主句的动作到until / till所表示的时间才开始。如：
David won’t go to bed till his wife returns.
Leo didn’t come until he had gone over his lesson.
4）not until引导的从句位于句首时，主句需部分倒装。如：
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
5）not until结构可用于强调句中。如：
It was not until she came to see us that we knew her mother was ill in bed.
4. as
1）as引导时间状语从句时，表示“当……时，随着”。如：
Just as the two men were leaving, a message arrived.
The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.
2）as引导原因状语从句时，一般放在句首，表示十分明显的原因或是已知的事实。如：
As it is raining, we shall not go camping.
3）as引导让步状语从句时，通常用倒装结构。具体情况如下：
a. “形容词+ as +主语+系动词”或“副词+ as +主语+实义动词”。如：
Youngest as he is in our class, he studies very well.
Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.
b. 名词+ as +主语+系动词（句首的名词前多不带冠词）。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
c. 实义动词+ as +主语+助动词/情态动词。如：
Fail as I did, I would not abandon my goal.
Try as he might, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
4）as引导方式状语从句时，意为“如，像，按照”。如：
I did as I was told.
5）as引导比较状语从句时，常用于as ... as ...和not so / as ... as ...结构中。如：
Helen comes to visit me as often as she can.
His eyes aren’t so / as blue as they look in the film.
5. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when
no sooner ... than和hardly ... when意为“一……就……”。主句一般用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。no sooner, hardly位于句首时，主句的主谓语要部分倒装。如：
The words had no sooner been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
6. so ... that和such ... that
1）so ... that常用于以下结构：①so + adj. / adv. + that从句；②so + adj. + a(n) +可数名词单数形式+ that从句；③so + many / much / few / little + n. + that从句。如：
The question was so hard that no one could come up with an answer.
Eddie is so honest a boy that we all believe him.
I have had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
2）such ... that常用于以下结构：①such + a(n) + adj. +可数名词单数形式+ that从句；②such + adj.+可数名词复数形式+ that从句；③such + adj. +不可数名词+ that从句。如：
It was such a great shame that you couldn’t be with us.
They were such extraordinary stories that no one believed a word of them.
It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.
注意：so ... that引导结果状语从句时，如果“so +形容词/副词”位于句首，则主句的主谓语要部分倒装。如：
So difficult was it to work out the problem that I turned to Tom for help.
So quietly did she speak that I could hardly hear her.
7. “疑问词+ ever”构成的复合词与“no matter +疑问词”可以引导让步状语从句。如：
Whatever / No matter what happens, I will do it.
Whenever / No matter when he goes out, he takes his dog with him.
高考链接
选用括号内合适的内容补全下面句子。
1. ________ (Once, Unless) you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
2. Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ________ (so that, even though) they get sweet enough to be eaten.
3. The gold medal will be awarded to ________ (whatever, whoever) wins the first place in the bicycle race.
4. ________ (While, If ) we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
5. ________ (Once, Although) birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
6. Over time, ________ (as, though) the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
7. I really enjoy listening to music ________ (because, unless) it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
8. ________ (Since, While) online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
9. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ (as long as, even though) he’s in his nineties.
10. ________ (When, After) it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
责编 | 杨宁
审稿 | 李栋
校稿 | 吕放
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