本文引用格式:王潇潇, 杨慧霞. 孕前超重或肥胖女性妊娠期糖尿病的预防[J] . 中华围产医学杂志, 2021, 24(5) : 372-376. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20210208-00121
【摘 要】超重或肥胖女性发生妊娠期糖尿病的风险显著增加。随着全球范围内育龄女性中肥胖症的流行,妊娠期糖尿病的患病率也随之上升。预防妊娠期糖尿病可以减少母儿不良妊娠结局并减轻社会经济负担。目前最主要的预防措施包括生活方式干预(饮食和运动)、膳食补充剂和药物。运动干预和补充肌醇对预防妊娠期糖尿病有效;饮食干预、运动和饮食联合干预均有一定益处,但存在争议;补充益生菌和预防性使用二甲双胍对孕前超重或肥胖孕妇似乎无效;补充维生素D的有效性目前不明确。
【关键词】糖尿病, 妊娠;肥胖症;超重;生活方式;二甲双胍
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81830044)
妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是妊娠期最常见的合并症,指妊娠期首次发生的糖代谢异常。GDM与巨大儿、肩难产、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、新生儿低血糖等不良妊娠结局相关。全球范围内GDM的患病率为6.1%~15.2%,近年来,随着育龄女性中超重或肥胖人群的增加以及孕妇年龄增高,GDM的患病率呈现上升趋势。孕前超重或肥胖是GDM的独立危险因素。与正常体重的女性相比,超重或肥胖女性发生GDM、大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age, LGA)、子痫前期和剖宫产等的风险增加;此外,孕前超重或肥胖女性若发生GDM,其子代更容易出现肥胖、心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病和认知行为异常。肥胖症和GDM患病率的不断上升,给个人和公共健康造成了巨大的负担。在超重或肥胖女性中,寻找预防GDM的有效措施刻不容缓。目前GDM最主要的预防措施包括生活方式干预、膳食补充剂和药物。现就以上措施在孕前超重或肥胖女性中预防GDM作用的研究现状进行综述。
一、生活方式干预
二、膳食补充剂干预
三、药物干预
四、问题与展望
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