(一) 知识概要
初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：① 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night.② 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass,teach.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom cleanand tidy.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turnedgreen in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be…句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：① 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is comingto our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如： This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken. ④有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police， 如果要讲一个警察时，应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen ⑤ 所有不定代词 each，either， neither， one， the other，nobody， nothing， anyone， anything，someone， something … 要作为单数如： Someone is waiting for you在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有： and not only … but also， neither …nor， either … or如: My sister and my parents aregoing to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并列连词有： but 和 yet，如： She is a good student, but shedidn't pass the final exam. 又如：I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示选择关系的连词有：or， either … or，如：Hurry up, or you will be late for school表示因果关系的并列连词有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。① 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常常被省略。如： I am sure (that) she haspassed the exam ②if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时，要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunchor not ③ what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如： I don't understand what you said (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如： I asked him what made him sick(what 在宾语从句中作主语)。④ who，它也和what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for? ⑤ whose 如： I want to know whose book this is? ⑥ which 如：Do you know which book is mine?在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词，① how 它的应用最广，如： how much, how many, how long,how soon, how old …。如：How much does it cost? ② when它只是连接时间状语，如： Please tell me when the meetingwill begin? ③ where 它连接地点状语，如： Where are you from? ④ why 它要连接的是原因状语从句，如： The teacher asked why Tom didn't come toschool. 在考试中常见到的考点是：宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。① 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态， 如： I know he didn't come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。 ② 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如： 一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如： I wanted to know when he wouldcome The teacher told me the earthmoves around the sun状语从句主要有时间状语从句，其连接词有：after，before， when， as， as soon as，until (till)， while， since， by其中较难掌握的有以下几点：① until (till) 直到，在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back ② 由since， for， by， before 来引导的时间状语从句。 since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如： I have studied English since １９９０ 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如： I had learned 25 English songsby the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时， ago 则多用于一般过去时，如： He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago ③ 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如： If it rains, they won't go tothe park on Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如： He said if it rained the next day hewould not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如： I want to know if he will comehere tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如： I want to know if it rains he will comehere tomorrow在原因状语从句中主要是① because， 应译为"因为"。它表达的因果关系最强，如： He didn't pass the exambecause he didn't study hard ② since 应译为"既然"，如： Since you were ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk ③ as 应译为"由于"，如： As it is too hot we'd better go swimming since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： He studies hard, for he wantsto go to college在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as … as，如： This book is as good as thatone 要注意的有两点：① as … as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。② 用形容词还是副词，如： Mary writes as carefully asTom 而其否定句为 not as (so) … as， 如： They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如： He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示"越来越"这一概念时有两个句型：① 比较级＋and＋比较级，如： The days are getting longerand longer The little girl is becomingmore and more beautiful ② 定冠词 the ＋ 比较级＋ the ＋ 比较级，如： The harder you study, the moreyou can learn方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句，如： Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如： Please do it as I 而 like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Please do it like me结果和目的状语从句主要有 so … that， sothat， in order that等几种用法。① so … that用在单数可数名词前，so ＋形容词 ＋ a ＋ 名词＋ that，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyonelikes her 或用 such ＋ a ＋ 形容词＋ 名词＋ that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl thateveryone likes her ② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such， 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如： They are such good players that they should win the game. ③ 在much， many， few，little 之前只能用so， 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it ④ so … that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such， 如： It is so good that I want to buy ⑤ so that 其后接从句，如： I got up earlier so that Icould catch the first bus
（一） 知识概要
完形填空是一种在语意封闭的情况下考察学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。学生应根据语义完整、语法正确的原则进行通篇阅读。借助文章的现成文字，通过逻辑思维，联系上下文，推断出可能的答案。然后再从所给选择答案中逐空选出在通读全文时脑海中已出现的答案填入空内。试推想在小学五六年级时去读"西游记"，"水浒传"，你也并非每个字都认得，每句话都能真正理解。但你还是可以明了全文的意思，读得有滋有味。这就是语言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字，不认得字、词语的情况下，能否全面理解文章的正确意思，然后选入适当的词语。在选择后还要前后彼此呼应反复验证所选答案。有时答案一时不易验证，不要急于顺序填写，可能在填出后面答案时，而得到前面的答案。有时则需运用所学的词法、句法、时态和固定搭配等知识对4个选项进行分析，比较、排除干扰项，确定正确的答案。待答案全部选定后，一定要复读全文以验证：① 所选答案是否能使全文流畅，逻辑推理是否正确。② 具体实事是否成立，前后关系是否理顺。③ 语法是否正确，其中包括时态的选择、词汇选择、固定搭配等。在通读全文时最好在可能的条件下将所选答案填入文章中，反复阅读。而不要在文章空中只写选项的代号，这样影响全文的理解，不易找出错误之处。在做完形填空时，应注意以下几点：
（１） 重视首句，首段的开篇启示作用，读懂了第一句，或第一段有可能预测到全篇大意。
（２） 一定要顾及上下文间的语意联系。在完形填空的设计中，一般是以语义为第一要素同时兼顾语法。有的4个选项单独填入这个单句中全是正确的，但拿到文中从下文联系起来看，则文理不通。为此要通篇考虑，顾及上下文的联系是十分重要的。
（３） 要坚持语意第一的原则，而语法应放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一种单项选择式的考察。但实质上也是一种阅读能力和学生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利用语法的正确性与内容排斥性的矛盾而命题的。所给答案大都是离开上下文均可说得通的。但语意上辩析、排斥才能找到答案。例如：
这里肯定需要一个动词，所给答案也都是动词，但只能从意义上考虑而选B项。
（４） 要认真注意细节，做到语法正确。一些答案在意义上讲都是正确的，但从线索上看要找出语法正确的答案。如：
（１） 语意第一原则
（２） 语法正确，注意细节的原则
在语意正确的前题下，还要根据学过的语法知识，及词语的固定搭配，选择正确答案。
（３） 根据所给答案的不同词类，从不同角度分别考虑选择
完形填空所给的词往往是不同类的，这就要求对不同词类作不同考虑。如果所缺的是动词，那么首先在选择语意正确的前提下，考虑动词的时态、语态和是否是要填入非谓语动词。若是介词或副词则要考虑是否固定搭配，以及介词、副词在结构和意义上的选择。若是连词，则应更多地从句子结构和上下文的连接上选择。若是代词，则应考虑性、数、格等方面，以及形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。
从目前完形填空初中阶段的考察看，除语意第一外，更多地选择了单词的用法及意义，动词的时态，短语和惯用法等。为此，要做好完形填空题目，除有较好的阅读能力外，更要有扎实的语言基础知识及日常生活的逻辑推理能力。阅读理解能力在教学大纲中有明确的要求。它是目前条件下考查学生英语运用能力的常规题型之一，也是分值最高的题型之一。学生的阅读理解能力如何，标志着学生继续深入学习的潜力有多大，它是集语法，词汇，逻辑推理背景知识于一体的综合语言能力的测试。它除对学生的阅读理解的正确性进行测试外，同时从阅读速度、技巧、文化背景常识等方面对学生进行测试。从近年各地中考题分析看，阅读类测试除为一般常规测试题型外，在试题中所占分值较大，为此应引起学生特别注意。如何做好阅读理解题呢?首先要求考生有足够的基础知识和较好的阅读速度以及技巧方面的训练。同时还要注意以下几个方面的问题。
1 要了解阅读测试的重点
如上所述，阅读过程是一个综合作用的过程，为此阅读的测试就不能仅将着眼点放在语言结构的测试上，而是通过看，通过阅读获取信息的能力。在阅读一篇文章时，我们首先会想到：① 文章说的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。② 事情发生的时间、地点、人物是什么。③ 作者所持态度如何。④ 结论是什么。有些说明性信息在文章中容易获取，如：时间、数字、地点、人物等。有些信息如作者的态度，事件的结论，中心思想，文章的标题，则需通过文中线索，说明信息等等去分析推断才能获取。而这些说明性及内隐性的信息正是阅读理解的测试重点内容。而其难点在于理解、推断、得出结论时，应从英语国家的风俗习惯、语言习惯、宗教信仰、民族问题等方面来考虑，而不是仅从中国人的语言习惯来作推论。这也是这方面的难点之一。
从上文中看，信息的获得不是直接的，而是必须通过整个文章的阅读，理清人物关系，掌握中心思想，才能作出正确的判定。2 阅读理解的解题思路和方法
阅读理解的测试点是在通过由于阅读所能够获取信息的能力上，所以解题思路的重点应放在：
(1) 通读全文，了解文章的主题和大意；了解作者的写作目的、对事件的态度上。
(2)要注重文句间的相互关系。既注重主要情节又不可忽视细节。中考中阅读命题很多情况下是对事件的某个细节而进行测试的。
(3)特别注意首尾句在整个文章中的作用，以及它起到的启示和结论性作用。
① Ⅰ
典型例句
1.one +of + 形容词最高级+ 名词复数
One of the biggest eventsin China in 2008 is that the earthquake happened in WenChuan.
2. It"s our duty to dosth
It"s our duty to helpthem.
3.As….aspossible
We shoud help them as muchas possible.
4.here be…..
Here are lots of things wecan do.
5.We shoud keep calminstead of being afraid.
6.make +sb+ 形容词
hard at school. We shouldlearn all kinds of nowledge to make our motherland stronger, better and richer.
健康问题（热点）
健康问题是中考常考的话题，出题形式多样，有必要下苦功掌握。
典型例句
1. It is very important tokeep healthy。
2. How can we keep healthy?
3. We can"t go tosleep too late. We can"t get up too late。
4. We should eat the foodhealthily。
5. We should do moreexercise。
6. Last Tuesday I got acold and had a pain in my head。
7. I didn"t feel likeeating anything。
8. I decided to see thedoctor。
9. In the doctor"soffice, the doctor looks over me carefully。
10. He said :"Nothingserious." And he told me to take a rest and drink more water。
11. A nurse gave me aninjection. It was a little painful。
12. The doctor asked me totake the medicine three times a day。
13. A few days later, Ifelt better. From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most importantthing in the world。
关于环境保护问题（热点）
环境保护问题是中考热门话题，出现频率高，难度较大，必须掌握。
典型句子
1. It’s our duty to save wate
2. As we know , water is very important to man,
3.we can’t live without water.
4.The amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less.
5.But some people don’t care about it .
6.Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.
Something must be done to stop the pollution.
7. It"s our duty toprotect our environment。
8. It is very important totake care of our environment
9. We should not throwlitter onto the ground
10. We should not spit in apublic place/ cut down the trees
11. We should plant moreflowers and trees。
12. We must pick up somerubbish and throw it into a dustbin
13. If everyone makescontribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much morebeautiful。
15.Trees are very helpful and important for us.
17.We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future. t’s everyone’s duty to love and protect the environment.
So Ihope all the students in our class stop to use the plastic bags, and use ourown cloth bags. I hope we can take care of our environment.
Let’smake our world more and more beautiful.
语言学习 （热点）
这是中考中的老话题，近几年常考，形式多样。
典型例句
1. My favorite subject isEnglish。
2. More than three quartersof the information on the Internet is in English。
3. It is used by travelersand business people all over the world。
4. Chinahas joined the WTO and the Olympic Games will be held in China.English becomes more and more useful。
5. So English is veryimportant and I like English very much。
6. We have a lot of fun inthe English class。
7. Our English teacheroften makes us happy in the English class。
8. I hope I can go abroadone day, and then I can speak to foreigners in English。
9. I like English and trymy best to learn it。
写人记事篇
这是中考出项频率最高的话题，其特点是难度相对较小，学生都有话可写，但掌握一些基本句子和模仿范文对夺取高分非常必要。
典型例句
1. His name is Jack。
2. He was born in London in1982。
3. He is 1.68 meters talland weighs 52 kilos。
4. He is 20 years old。
5. He comes from England。
6. He is a good ping-pongplayer。
7. He is medium build。
8. He has short hair。
9. He is outgoing. Everyone likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us。
10. He teaches English verywell。
11. He works very hard. Heworks in No.5 Middle School。
12. He loves watchingfootball games after work。
13. He often helps me withmy English。
14. At the age of six, hebegan to play table tennis。
旅游和介绍地方篇（热点）
中考高频率话题，出题形式灵活。
典型例句
1. Last Sunday(Saturday,…),it was sunny(rainy, windy, foggy,)
2. I got up very early(late). After breakfast I went to …with my friends by bike, bus，…
3. We enjoyed ourselves。
4. We forgot the time. Wedidn"t come back until 5 o"clock。
5. We all felt very tired,but we were happy。
6. I thought I would neverforget this trip。
7. Last summer, my parentsand I went to Beijing for our holidays。
8. We visited a lot ofplaces of interest。
9. We had a good time there。
10. We bought a lot ofthings. The clothes here are good and cheap。
新生事物评价（热点）
这是中考热点，这类文章的特点是写作难度大，因此需要学生掌握方法，和基本句式，以做到考试时心中不乱。
典型例句
1.Computer is becoming moreand more important
2.we should make good useof it.
3.It maybe get in the wayof our study.
4.We can do lots of thingswith it’
5. It makes our life moreeasy
6.Nowadays mobile phonesare becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.
初中英语57个中考必备句型
1 as soon as
2 as…as
3 as…as possible
4 ask sb. for sth.
5 ask/tell sb. (how) to do sth.
6 ask/tell sb. (not) to do sth.
7 be afraid of doing/that
8 be busy doing sth.
9 be famous/late/ready/sorry for…
10 be glad that
11 buy/give/show/bring/lend/send/pass/tell…sth. to sb.
12 buy/give/show/bring/lend/send/pass/tell sb. sth.
13 either…or
14 enjoy/hate/like/finish/stop/mind/keep/go on doing sth.
15 find it + adj to do sth.
16 get + 比较级
17 get ready for/get sth. ready
18 had better (not) do sth.
19 help sb. (to) do/help sb.with
20 I don’t think that
21 I would like to /Would you like to…?
22 is one of the + 最高级 + n(pl.)…
23 It is +adj. for sb. to do sth.
24 It is a good idea to do sth.
25 It is the second + 最高级 +n.
26 It looks like …/It sounds like …
27 It seems to sb. that…
28 It sounds +adj. /It looks +adj.
29 It takes sb some time. to do sth.
30 It’s bad/good for…
31 It’s time for…/to do sth.
32 It’s two meters (years) long (high, old).
33 keep sb. doing
34 keep/make sth. +adj.
35 like to do / like doing
36 make / let sb.(not) do sth.
37 neither…nor
38 not…at all
39 not…until
40 One…the other…/Some… others…
41 prefer…to
42 see/hear sb. do(doing) sth.
43 so…that
44 spend…on /(in) doing sth.
45 stop to do /stop doing
46 such a +adj. +n. that…
47 take/bring sth with sb.
48 thank sb for sth.
49 The more…the better
50 There is sth. wrong with…
51 too…to
52 used to
53 What about /How about…?
54 What’s the matter with…?
55 What’s wrong…?
56 Why not…?
57 Will (would, could) you please…?
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