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【英语】书面表达高分技巧(下):5种基本句型 文章结构


三、5种基本句型


英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎5个基本句式。这5个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这5个基本句式生成的。这5个基本句式如下:


基本句型一:S十V主谓结构 

这个句型中的动词是不及物的行为动词,不能带宾语。这种动词表示主语的行为动作,意义基本完整,所以不再需要宾语。


这些动词常见的有:appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise等等。


不及物动词没有被动语态形式。在这个句型中,谓语后面有时不再附加任何成分,而大多数情况下有状语性质的修饰语。这种修饰语可以由副词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语以及从句等来担当。


基本句型二:S十V十P主系表结构

在该句型中,由系动词及表语构成表性状的复合谓语,说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态等。


英语中除了最常见的系动词be以外,还有表示感官的连系动词look, feel, sound, taste, smell等; 


表示变化的连系动词get, turn, become, grow, fall, come等; 


表示状态的连系动词keep, remain, stay, continue, seem等。


基本句型三:S十V十O主谓宾结构

该句型中的及物动词同样也是行为动词,表明一个具体实在的动作,但其本身所表示的意义并不完整,需要有一个宾语,才能表达一个完整的概念。例如:


We have a TV set.


You may use my pen. 


I will use hers.


He doesn’t like the first. 


He likes the third.


这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时,句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是:名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。


基本句型四:S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构

其中O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语


有些动词后面,可以有两个宾语,这个宾语一个指人、一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,表示动作的方向和目标;指物的叫直接宾语,表示动作的承受者,间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。并不是所有的动词都能用于此句型。


能用于此句型的动词主要有两大类:


(1)bring, give, sell, show, take, tell, throw, write等;


(2)buy, find, get, leave, make, save, choose等。例如:


She brought me some fruit.


Can you do us a favour?


这两个句子中的间接宾语都可以变成介词短语放在直接宾语后面。例如:


She brought some fruit to me.


Can you do a favour for me?


基本句型五:S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构

宾语和补足语之间的关系是逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾语是宾语补足语的逻辑主语。


句型中的宾语常用名词或代词宾格。常用来作宾语补足语的成分有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语和副词等。例如:


She named her baby John.


We elected him monitor of our class.


Keep the room clean and tidy, please.


His father wished him to be a musician.


We consider it a pity that they have given up trying it a second time.


这种句型中的宾语+补语可统称为“复合宾语”,作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。


注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。


四、文章的结构


(一)掌握技巧: 


1、注意篇章结构,合理布局


开始部分:说出文中的要点、核心问题。


正文部分:围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。


结尾部分:对全文的总结和概括。


要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系,内容完整、连贯。前后呼应,祛除与主题无关的内容。


2、确定主题句


主题句是对全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释、扩展。


写主题句应意以下几点:


(1)归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点


(2)提炼出一句具有概括性的话


(3)主题句应具有可读性,抓住、吸引读者。


3、高考英语写作常用开头和结尾

◆开头万能公式:

(1)名人名言或哲理性句子


有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言”,很好办,哲理性句子也能起到相同作用哦~


经典句型:

A proverb says,“You are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言)

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编哲理性句子)

As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

(2)数据说明:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管三七二十一,但编无妨。所以不妨试用下面的句型:

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.

A recent statistics shows that…


◆结尾万能公式:

(1)使用过渡句、过渡语,如to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus,obviously。例:


Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

Thus, it can be concluded that…, 


Therefore, we can find that…

(2)提建议、措施。例:

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.


Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.


(二)写作的七项基本原则

1、长短句相间原则:在长句之间加一个短小精辟的句子,可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题。例如:


As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.


小建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、突出主题句:主题句可以放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer allthe questions correctly.


3、一二三原则:分点展开写作,条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。


(1)first, second, third, last


(2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally


(3)the first, the second, the third, the last


(4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly


(5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)


(6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)


(7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)


(8)most important of all, moreover, finally


(9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)


(10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)


4、短语优先原则

写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:


其一,用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,必然不会给高分。相反,如果发现亮点——精彩的短语,定会给你的文章加分了。


其二,关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:


I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.


I want it.

可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.


这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。

5、多实少虚原则:写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之类的形象词。再比如:


走出房间,普通的的词是:walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间可以说:slip out of the room

女生走出房间可以说:sail out of the room

小孩走出房间可以说:dance out of the room

老人走出房间可以说:stagger out of the room


6、多变句式原则


(1)并列(串联)


最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子有先后关系或者并列关系。比如:

I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用:besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover


(2)转折(拐弯抹角)


The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.


The coat was thin, but it was warm.


更多的短语:despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding


(3)因果


常用短语:then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

(4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)

其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形使句子有所突出。

This is what I can do.


Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:When to go, Why he goes away…


(5)附加(多此一举):定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.


其实很简单,同位语——要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句——借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

(6)排比(排山倒海句)

 
(三)文章主体段落的三大杀手锏

1、举实例:


思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且这也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子!


In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible simulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. 


For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.


更多句型:to take…as an example, one example is…, another exampleis…, for example

2、做比较:


写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的。下面是一些短语:

(1)相似的比较:in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

(2)相反的比较:on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead,
nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with

3、强调观点:


I love you!

I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.

I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.


或者上面我们举过的例子:I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.

因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.

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