国际音标和英语字母在书写方面的联系

—从音标到字母和字母组合

单元音：                                                                      [i:]:

    ⑴e:he she me we

⑵ea:tea eat meat

⑶ee:see tree see 

⑷ei:receive 

⑸ey:key 

⑹i:police policeman policewoman machine

⑺eo:people

⑻ie:piece field believe thief

[?]: ⑴a:orange cabbage

⑵ay:Sunday holiday

⑶e:begin English pretty cinema 

⑷ey:monkey 

⑸i:it is in big

⑹y:city very sorry

⑺u:busy

⑻ui:build building 

⑼ai:captain

[e]: ⑴a:any many anyone 

⑵ai:said 

⑶ay:says 

⑷e:pen bed yes egg desk

⑸ea:bread head breakfast

⑹u:bury

[?]:a:bag am and at sad

[ɑ:]:⑴a:class banana father after

⑵al:half palm

⑶ar:car far park arm star

⑷au:aunt laugh

⑸ear:heart

[^]: ⑴o: come none love other

⑵oo:blood flood

⑶ou:touch country enough young 

⑷u:bus sun but cut up us

[??]:⑴ear:learn earth early heard

⑵er:her term 

⑶ir:first girl bird skirt sir third

⑷or:work word world

⑸ur:nurse turn hurt Thursday

⑹yr:myrtle 

⑺our:journalist journal

[?]:⑴a:along about banana Canana China

⑵e:student open children different

⑶i:holiday April

⑷o:today welcome police

⑸u:minus autumn

⑹er:father mother brother sister

⑺or:doctor forget mirror

    ⑻ar:sugar 

⑼re:metre tired fire

⑽ou:delicious previous

⑾ur:surprise Saturday

⑿our:colour 

    ⒀ure:picture pleasure

⒁oar:cupboard 

⒂yr:martyr satyr

[u:]:⑴ew:flew grew review Jew

⑵o:do to who

⑶oo:too zoo food pool boot school

⑷ou:soup group through

⑸u:blue glue June

⑹ui:fruit juice

⑺oe:shoe 

[?]:⑴o:woman wolf

⑵oo:book look good foot

⑶oul:could would should

⑷u:put sugar full push

 

[?]:⑴([w])a:want wash watch what

⑵o:hot on not sorry

⑶ou:cough 

⑷au:Australia

[??]:⑴(w)a:water

⑵al:all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wall 

⑶([w])ar:warm quarter

⑷au:August autumn daughter

⑸aw:draw saw law

⑹oor:door floor

⑺ore:more before

    ⑻or:or for short sport

⑼ou:bought brought thought

⑽our:four your

⑾awe:awe awed aweless

⑿oar:board blackboard cardboard

⒀o:story

双元音：

[a?]:⑴i:time like nice fine five

⑵y:my by why

⑶i(g):sign high light right 

⑷ie:die lie tie

[e?]:⑴a:name cake game face

⑵ai:rain train wait

⑶ay: day may okay play today

⑷ei:veil vein

⑸ei(gh):eight eighteen eighty

⑹ey:they

⑺ea:great break

[??]:⑴e:zero cereal serious

⑵ea:real really idea cereal

⑶ere:here 

⑷ear:ear dear hear near clear

⑸eer:beer deer pioneer

[??]:⑴o:go no nose home

⑵ow:show know yellow window

⑶oa:goat boat

⑷ou:shoulder though 

⑸oe:woe

[??]:⑴ure:sure 

⑵oor:poor 

⑶our:tour

[a?]:⑴ou:out about house blouse

⑵ow:how now cow

[e?]:⑴air:air hair chair

⑵are:care hare parent

⑶ear:pear wear bear

⑷ere:there where

⑸eir:their theirs

⑹a:Mary

[??]:⑴oi:oil toilet boil soil

⑵oy:boy toy employee

辅音：

清辅成对辅音：

[p]-[b]  [t]-[d]  [k]-[g]  [f]-[v]  [s]-[z]  [θ]-[e]  [?]-[?]  [ts]-[dz]      [t?]-[d?]  [tr]-[dr] 

清音浊化：清辅音[p] [t] [k] [tr]等在[s]后重读时由送气音变为不送气音，即发其浊辅

音[b] [d] [g] [dr]，但音标仍写成清辅音。如：sport[sp?:t]，student['stju:d?nt]， 

sky[ska?], street[str i:t]。但弱读时[s]后的清辅音仍读请辅音，不读相对的浊辅音。

如：hostess['h??st?s]。

[p]:⑴p:pen map help cheap pencil paper

⑵pp:apple happy appear

[b]:⑴b:bag by bed boy bus blue

⑵bb:rabbit cabbage

[t]:⑴t:ten time not get table

⑵tt:bottle bottom little pretty

⑶ed:watched washed cooked helped danced

[d]:⑴d:desk door day dog 

⑵dd:add daddy middle

⑶ed:played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried

[k]:⑴c:cat come cut clock cry picture bloc

⑵cc: occasion according occupy acclaim 

⑶ch:school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach

⑷k:book bike cake kite Kate look

⑸ck:black duck clock jacket cock

⑹q:Iraq coq 

⑺que:unique technique

[g]:⑴g:go girl big get

⑵gg:egg bigger biggest

⑶gu:guess

⑷gue:dialogue 

⑸gh:ghyll ghost

[f]:⑴f:five fish fine family fifteen

⑵ph:photo phone elephant photograph

⑶gh:laugh enough

⑷ff:off coffee

[v]:⑴v:very five have

⑵f:of

[s]:⑴c:nice city cycle

 ⑵s:sit six some bus use us desk books

⑶ss:miss class glass grass

⑷sc:science scene

⑸ps:psalm psywar

[z]:⑴s:is his please music lose husband apples

⑵es:leaves thieves knives wives

⑶z:zoo zero

⑷zz:buzz

[θ]:th:three thank month thin

[e]:⑴th:this the with than

 ⑵the:breathe soythe

[?]:⑴sh:she shoe short shop wash

⑵s:sure Asia

⑶c: special sufficient delicious

⑷t:station national patient

⑸ss:Russia profession

⑹ch:machine

[?]:⑴s:usually television pleasure

⑵z:seizure

⑶ge:garage

[ts]:⑴ts:shirts hurts coats costs goats

⑵t’s:Let’s

⑶tes:kites gates dates

⑷zz:pizza

[dz]:⑴ds:beds birds hands friends

⑵des:decides

[t?]:⑴ch:chair much lunch China

⑵tch:watch

⑶t: picture question

[d?]:⑴g(e):age page huge orange

⑵g:gentle gentleman general

⑶dge:bridge porridge judge

⑷j:jump jacket just June Jim

⑸ch:sandwich

[tr]:tr:tree trip try true truth

[dr]:dr:dress drive hundred children 

单个辅音：

[h]:⑴h:he her have hand head hair

⑵(w)h:who whom whose

[l]:⑴l:let look please lake people

⑵ll:tell full till bell

⑶(t)l(e):whistle

[r]:⑴r:red right three

⑵rr:sorry worry hurry carry carrot

⑶(w)r:write wrong

[m]:⑴m:man meat meet time

⑵mm:common communicate

⑶m(b):climb lamb

⑷m(n):autumn 

[n]:⑴n:name nice nine near under

⑵(k)n:know knife

⑶nn:Ann

⑷(m)n:mnemonics

[?]:⑴ng:sing long young morning

⑵n(k):thank think ink pink

⑶n(g):English

[w]:⑴w:we window work walk

⑵w(h):what why where white

[j]:⑴y:yes you year yellow

⑵j:Jensen ja hallelujah jaap

⑶i:onion review million billion brilliant behaviour

⑷e:Europe

   国际音标和英语字母在读音方面的联系

  —从字母和字母组合到音标

Ⅰ.元音字母a及a+其他字母的读音

a在重读开音节中读[e?]：name cake game face                          a在重读闭音节中读[?]：bag am and at sad                             a在辅音字母s,th,f,n,ph前读[ɑ:]：class fast grasp ask father after dance graph

a在[w]后读[?]或[?:]：want what water[w?:t?]

a在ny前读[e]：any many

a弱读时读[?]：along about banana Canana China

a在非重读音节中读[?]：orange cabbage

a读[e?]：Mary

ai读[e?]：rain train wait

ai读[?]：captain 

ai读[e]：said

ay读[e?]：day may okay play today

ay弱读读[?]：Sunday holiday

ay读[e]：says

air读[e?]：air hair chair

al在多数辅音字母前读[?:]（f,m除外）：all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wall

al还读[?:l]（特别当后面不是k,f,m时）：also salt

al在辅音字母f,m前读[ɑ:]：half palm

ar在重读音节中读[ɑ:]：:car far park arm star

ar在[w]后读[?:]：warm quarter

ar弱读读[?]：sugar

are读[e?]：care hare parent

ass在重读音节中读[ɑ:s]：class glass grass pass

au在重读音节中读[?:]：August autumn daughter

au读[?]：Australia

au还读作[ɑ:]：aunt laugh

aw在重读音节中读[?:]：draw saw law

awe读[?:]：awe awed aweless

Ⅱ. 元音字母e及e+其他字母的读音

e在重读开音节中读[i:]：he she me we

e在重读闭音节中读[e]：pen bed yes egg desk

e在非重读音节中读[?]：begin English pretty cinema

e弱读读[?]：student open children different

e读[??]：zero cereal serious

e读[j]：Europe

ea在重读音节中读[i:]：tea eat meat

ea读[e]：bread head breakfast

ea读[e?]：great break

ea读[??]：real really idea cereal

ear读[?:]：learn earth early heard

ear读[e?]：pear wear bear

ear读[??]：ear dear hear near clear

ear读[ɑ:]：heart

ed在大部分清辅音后读[t]（[t]除外）：watched washed cooked helped danced

ed在元音和浊辅音后读[d]([d]除外)：played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried

ed在[t][d]后读[?d]：wanted needed

ee在重读音节中读[i:]：see tree see

eer读[??]：beer deer pioneer

ei读[i:]：receive

ei读[e?]：veil vein

ei在gh前读[e?]：eight eighteen eighty

eir读[e?]：their theirs

eo读[i:]：people

er在重读闭音节中读[?:]：her term

er在非重读音节中读[?]：father mother brother sister

ere读[??]：here

ere读[e?]：there where

es在浊辅音（[?][?][d?]除外）及元音后，es发[z]：leaves thieves knives wives

potatoes tomatoes heroes Negroes goes does families stories

es在[s][z][?][?][t?][d?]后读[?z]：buses blouses dishes garages watches

oranges

ew读[ju:]：new newspaper review

ew在l,r,j后读[u:]：flew grew Jew

ex读[eks]：exercise exit

ex读[?ks]：excle expensive extinct

ex读[?gz]：exam examination exactly

ey读[i:]：key

ey读[?]：monkey valley

ey读[e?]：they

Ⅲ. 元音字母i及i+其他字母的读音

i在重读开音节中读[a?]：time like rice

i在重读闭音节中读[?]：big six sit

i读[i:]：police policeman policewoman machine

i弱读读[?]：holiday April

i在非重读音节中读[?]：taxi

i读[j]：onion review million billion brilliant behaviour

i在元音字母a,e,o前读[a?]：dialogue quiet pioneer

i在g前读[a?]：sign high light right

i在nd前读[a?]：find behind

i在ld前读[a?]：child

i在re前读[a?]：fire tired retire                                          ie在重读音节中辅音字母前读[i:]：piece field believe thief

ie在重读音节词词尾读[a?]：lie die

ir在重读音节中读[?:]：bird girl first

Ⅳ.元音字母o及o+其他字母的读音

o在重读开音节中读[??]：go no nose home

o在辅音字母st,ld前读[??]：post old

o在重读闭音节中读[?]：hot on not sorry

o读[?:]：story

o在辅音字母m,n,v和th前读[^]：come none love other

o读[u:]：do to who

o在w后读[?]：woman wolf

o在非重读音节中读[?]：today policeman

oa在重读音节中读[??]：boat coat

oar读[?:]：board blackboard cardboard

oar读[?]：cupboard

oe读[??]：woe

oe读[u:]：shoe

oi读[??]：oil toilet boil soil

oo一般读[u:]：too zoo food pool boot school

oo在d,k和少数t前读[?]：book look good foot

oo读[^]：blood flood

oor读[?:]：door floor

oor读[??]：poor

or在重读音节中读[?:]：or for short sport

or在[w]后读[?:]：work word world

or读[?]：doctor forget mirror

ore读[?:]：more before

ou在多数情况下读[a?]：out about house blouse

ou在ght前读[?:]：bought brought thought

ou读[^]：touch country enough young

ou读[u:]：soup group through

ou读[??]：shoulder though

ou读[?]：cough

ou读[?]：delicious previous

oul读[?]：could would should

our读[?:]：four your

our读[?:]：journalist journal

our读[?]：colour

our读[??]：tour

our读[a??]：our hour

ow读[a?]：how now cow

ow读[??]：show know yellow window

owe或ower读[a??]：towel flower

oy读[??]：boy toy employee

Ⅴ. 元音字母u及u+其他字母的读音

u在重读开音节中读[ju:]：student Tuesday

u在重读闭音节中读[^]：bus sun but cut up us

u处于开音节位置，又在辅音字母j,l,r,s后读[u:]：June fluency February Sue

u在重读闭音节中还读[?]：put sugar full push

u在非重读音节中读[?]：minus autumn

u读[?]：busy minute

u读[e]：bury

ui读[ju:]或[j??,ju:?]：suit suicide 

l,r,j+ui时，ui读作[u:]或[??,u:?]：sluise fruit juice fluid ruin 

ui读[?]：build building

ur在重读音节中读[?:]：nurse turn hurt Thursday

ur读[?]：surprise Saturday

ure读[??]：sure

ure在非重读音节中读[?]：picture pleasure

ure在重读音节中读[j??]：cure

Ⅵ.21个辅音字母及辅音字母组合的读音

b读[b]：bag by bed boy bus blue

bt,mb在词尾时，b不发音：debt climb comb

bb读[b]：rabbit cabbage

c在字母e,i,y前读[s]：nice city cycle

c在字母a,o,u,l,r,t前或在音节末尾读[k]：cat come cut clock cry picture bloc

c+ia,ie,io时，c读[?]：special sufficient delicious

cc+a,o,u或l时，cc读[k]：occasion according occupy acclaim

cc+e,i时，cc读[ks]：accept accident

ch读[t?]：chair much lunch China

ch读[k]：school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach

ch读[?]：machine

ch读[d?]：sandwich

ck读[k]：black duck clock jacket cock

d读[d]：desk door day dog

dd读[d]：add daddy middle

dge读[d?]：bridge porridge judge

dr读[dr]：dress drive hundred children

ds读[dz]：beds birds hands friends

des读[dz]：decides

f读[f]：five fish fine family fifteen

f读[v]：of

ff读[f]：off coffee

ften读[f?n]：often

g读[g]：go girl big get

g在e前读[d?]：age page huge orange

g读[d?]：gentle gentleman general

gg读[g]：egg bigger biggest

ge读[?]：garage

gh在i,ei,ai,ou,au后不发音：right eight straight bought daughter

gh读[f]：laugh enough

gh在词首时，读[g]：ghyll ghost

gn,gm在词尾时，g常无声：sign phlegm

gu在词首读[g]：guess

gu在词中读[gw]：language

gue在词尾读[g]：dialogue

h读[h]：he her have hand head hair

h不发音：hour

wh读[w]：what why where white

wh在o前读[h]：who whom whose

gh在词首时，h不发音：ghyll ghost

j读[d?]：jump jacket just June Jim

j读[j]：Jensen ja hallelujah jaap

k读[k]：book bike cake kite Kate look

kn在词首时，k不发音：know knife

l读[l]：let look please lake people

ll读[l]：tell full till bell

m读[m]：man meat meet time

mb在词尾时，读[m]，b常无声：climb comb

mm读[m]：common                                                mn在词首读[n]：mnemonics

mn在词中时，读[mn]：columnist

mn在词尾时，n常无声：autumn column

n读[n]：name nice nine near under

n在[k][g]前读[?]：pink English

n在k后读[n]：know knife

n在m后读[n]：mnemonics

nn读[n]：Ann

ng在词尾读[?]：sing long young morning

ng在词中读[?g]：English finger

nk读[?k]：thank think ink pink

p读[p]：pen map help cheap pencil paper

pp读[p]：apple happy appear

ph读[f]：photo phone elephant photograph

ps在词首时，p常不发音：psalm psywar

q读[k]：Iraq coq

qu在词首读[kw]：queen quick

que在词尾读[k]：unique technique

r读[r]：red right three

rr读[r]：sorry worry hurry carry carrot

wr读[r]：write wrong

s在词首读[s]：sit six some

s在清辅音后读[s]：books likes

s在浊辅音和元音后读[z]：apples windows

s读[z]（尤其是在两个元音字母之间）：his is please music

元音字母+s+无音e：①n.,adj.读[s]：base use

                   ②v.读[z]：lose use

词中的s,其后跟清辅音字母时，s读[s],其后跟浊辅音字母时，s读[z]：desk husband

s读[?]：sure Asia

s读[?]：usually television pleasure

sion读[??n]：television decision

sten读[s?n]：listen

stle读[stl]：whistle

sure读[??]：pleasure

sc+i,e,y读[s]：science scene scythe

sc+a,o,u读[sk]：scarf score scud

ss读[s]：miss class glass grass

ss读[?]：Russia profession

ssion读[??n]：expression

sh读[?]：she shoe short shop wash

t读[t]：ten time not get table

t读[t?]:picture question

tch读[t?]:watch

t+ia,ie时，t读[?]：martial patient

sten,ften,stle中，t无声：listen often whistle

tes读[ts]：kites gates dates

tt读[t]：bottle bottom little pretty

tion读[??n]：station national patient

[s]+tion时读[t??n]：question

th读[θ]：three thank month thin

th在pron.,art.,prep.,conj.中读[e]：this the with than

词尾the读[e]：breathe soythe

词尾ther读[e?]：father mother brother sister

tr读[tr]：tree trip try true truth

ts读[ts]：shirts hurts coats costs goats

t’s读[ts]：Let’s

ture读[t??]：picture                                                   v读[v]：very five have

w读[w]：we window work walk

w不发音：two

wh读[w]：what why where white

wh在o前读[h]：who whom whose

wr在词首读[r]，w无声：write wrong

x读[ks]：box six excuse next

x读[gz]：exam exact example

y在重读开音节中读[a?]：my by why

y在重读闭音节中读[?]：city very sorry

y在词首读[j]：yes you year yellow

yr读[?:]：myrtle

yr读[a??]：martyr satyr

yre读[?]：tyre byre

z读[z]：zoo zero

z读[?]：seizure

zz读[z]：buzz

zz读[ts]：pizza