大麻素已被证明可以减轻疼痛的强度,包括炎症性疼痛,神经性疼痛和癌症疼痛。[1,2,3]大麻素减少痉挛和肌肉痉挛引起的疼痛[4]。除了减轻疼痛的强度之外,许多患者报告说大麻改变了疼痛的性质,使其更容易忍受并且更少分散注意力。在某些情况下,大麻素可以增加急性疼痛的强度。
大麻素具有神经保护作用,可保护神经免受头部创伤和中风等急性损伤,以及引起慢性神经损伤的疾病,如多发性硬化症和阿尔茨海默病[5]。它们具有抗惊厥作用,并且在某些情况下具有抗精神病作用。
大麻素也通过神经系统影响我们的意识。根据菌株或制剂,大麻素可以唤醒或镇静。大麻素可以减缓反应时间并引起感官知觉的其他变化。[6]许多患者在使用大麻后报告积极情绪,放松,笑声,社交舒适度,时间扭曲以及普通经历(例如,进食,性,听音乐)的加剧。大麻可以导致分离效应(意识脱离身体和一个人的环境),相反,可以产生整合效应(提高对自我和环境的认识)。
[1] Lynch, M. E., and Mark A. Ware. 'Cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials.' Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology 10.2 (2015): 293-301.
[2] Noyes, R., et al. “The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.” Clin Pharmacol Ther 18.1 (1975): 84-89.
[3] Portenoy, Russell K., et al. “Nabiximols for opioid-treated cancer patients with poorly-controlled chronic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, graded-dose trial.” The Journal of Pain 13.5 (2012): 438-449.
[4] Koppel, Barbara S., et al. “Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.” Neurology 82.17 (2014): 1556-1563.
[5] Mechoulam, Raphael, David Panikashvili, and Esther Shohami. “Cannabinoids and brain injury: therapeutic implications.” Trends in molecular medicine 8.2 (2002): 58-61.
[6] Ramaekers, Johannes G., et al. “Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use.” Drug and alcohol dependence 73.2 (2004): 109-119.
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