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玛丽·奥立弗诗12首

玛莉·奥立佛Mary Oliver生于1935年,被认为是美国当代最优秀的大自然诗人,有人称之为当代诗歌中的Thoreau梭罗。十几岁的时候,曾经住在另一个女诗人埃德娜·圣·文森·米莱Edna St. Vincent Millay旧居中帮助整理诗人的遗稿,她也曾短期上过大学,但从没有获得过大学文凭。她的第五部诗集American Primitive《美国始貌》(1983年)获得1984年普利策诗歌奖,1992年的New and Selected Poems《诗选与新作》获得当年的全国图书奖,而New and Selected Poems (Vol. 2)《诗选与新作(二)》出版于2004年。她的最新诗集Thirst《渴》出版于2006年,收入较多有关她伴侣Molly Cook莫莉·库克的诗篇。莫莉是艺术家,不仅是她的爱情生活伴侣,而且也是她的经纪人,死于2005年。

■八月

当黑莓臃肿地挂在

林中,挂在矮树丛,

不属于任何人,我便

整日徜徉于高高的

树枝下,伸出

粗悍的手臂,不想着

任何事情,只是

向嘴里塞着这夏日的

黑蜜;整日里,我的身体

来者不拒。从附近流走的

阴暗小溪中,留下了

我生命厚实的爪子在黑钟形浆果

与树叶间的舞动;还留下了

这幸福的舌头。

■猫崽

我感受最深的是惊叹,

这猫崽死胎,

黑得完美,

一只大眼睛

长在小脑袋的正前方,

我从室内的猫床上将它

提起,埋葬在

房子后的田野。

我想我本可以将它

送给博物馆,

或者打电话

给当地的报馆。

然而我却将它提到野外,

挖开大地,

将它送回去,

说,这才真实,

说,生命便是无尽的创造,

说,更有多少惊奇

存在于大地黑暗的种子,是啊,

我想我做得很对,独自走出,

将它平静地送回,掩埋,

以勃发的花作为服丧的纱带。

■秋歌

又是一年过去了,到处是它

气味浓烈的残余:藤蔓、树叶、

没被吃掉的水果在树荫下

潮湿地腐烂成渣,还原成为

非物质,脱离了夏季这个

孤立之岛,这个此刻,于是此刻

只存在于脚下,腐烂着,

在各种不可观测的神秘所形成的

黑色地下城堡里——根茎、带壳的种籽

以及水的徜徉。这一切

我都试图记住,而时间刻度

在表皮留下痛苦,譬如当秋季

终于勃发,喧腾,犹如我们渴望着

永驻——看万物生机盎然,风采

鲜艳,景象更迭,永远

居住在这些短暂的草场。

■初雪

下雪了,

这儿;从早晨

开始,一整天

没停;它那弥漫的

白色修辞

唤起我们追问

如此之美的原因、方式、来源

以及含义。犹如

神谕者的迷狂!飘过

窗户,一种精力

似乎永不退潮,永不会为安居

而牺牲些许可爱!只是在此刻,

夜深时分,

它终于止歇。

沉寂

如此巨大,

而天宇依然点着

万支蜡烛;无处可寻

熟悉之物:

星星、月亮、

以及我们可期看到

且夜夜背对的黑暗。树木

闪光犹如丝带

城堡,平阔的田野

冒着亮光如烟,一条溪床

躺着,有善良的

小丘堆积其上;

虽说整天来各种问题

侵扰我们——还没有

找到一个答案——

此刻走出去,

走进沉寂,走进

树下的光,

穿过田野,

也算是一个答案。

■在黑水树林

看,树木

正在改变

它们自己的身体

成为光的

廊柱,

散发着浓郁的

肉桂香味

与充实;

香蒲的叶子呈示

长长的锥形,

生机勃发,从池塘

蓝色的肩头上

飘去;

而每个池塘,

无论叫什么

名字,现在都

已无名。

每年,

我一生所学的

每件事

都会回到

这里:火焰,

与丧失之黑河,

它的彼岸

便是救赎,

它们的意义

我们都无从得知。

活在这个世界

你必须能够

做到三件事:

爱那必死之物;

将它攥紧

贴着你的身骨,因为你懂得

你生命对它的依赖;

还有,到了该放手的时侯

放手。

■夜宿森林

我以为大地

记得我,她

如此温情地接纳我,理顺

她深色的裙裾,口袋

装满苔藓和种籽。我

睡得从未如此酣甜, 

河床上的一块石头,

我与星斗的白火之间毫无阻隔,

惟有我的思绪,而星星轻盈地

飘曳,宛若飞蛾穿梭于枝丫,

树木如此完美。整夜

都能听到小小的王国在我周围

呼吸,那些虫子、那些鸟儿

在黑暗中各自劳作。整夜

我坐起又躺下,犹如没在水中,紧抓着

那明亮的宿命。当晨曦绽露,

我至少已幻化消泯了十几回,进入的

境界更为美好。

■太阳

你可曾见过

生活中

有何物

奇妙得胜似

太阳的仪态,

每个黄昏

雍容而随和地

向地平线漂浮

投身云朵或群山

或涟漪如皱的海洋,

然后消失——

而它又会再次闪现

冲出黑暗,

在每个清晨,

出现在世界的另一面,

像一朵红花

带着天堂般的油彩小溪向上流淌,

譬如在这初夏的清晨,

有着帝王式威严的完美距离——

你可曾体味到任何事物

像这狂放的爱——

你觉得任何地方任何语言中

会有一个字具有如此翻江倒海的容量

像太阳这么

足以涵纳

令你充盈的愉悦么?

当它喷薄而出,

温暖着你,

而你就站在那儿,

两手空空——

抑或你也

转身背对这世界——

抑或你也

疯狂追逐

权力、

物质?

■野鹅

你不必非得善良。

你不必非得跪行

百里,穿过沙漠,忏悔。

你只需要听凭你身体的柔软动物爱它的所爱。

告诉我何谓绝望,你的,你也将听到我的。

与此同时世界继续运转。

与此同时太阳和雨滴清晰的小石砾

还在运行,穿过片片景物,

越过草原和深深的树林,

跨过山脉与江河。

与此同时野天鹅高高地在明洁蔚蓝的天空

再次朝着家的方向。

无论你是谁,不管你多么孤独,

世界向你的想象敞开,

像野天鹅一样呼唤你,尖锐而激越

一次又一次向你宣示你

在万物大家庭中的位置。

■反舌鸟

今天清晨

两只反舌鸟

在苍翠的田野中

袅袅地放飞

它们歌声的

白色丝带

到空中。

我没有

更好的事情可做,

于是倾听。

我这样说

决非虚言。

很久以前,

在希腊

有一对夫妇

打开家门

接纳两个生人,

很快就发现,

他们原本

并非凡人,

而是上帝。

我很喜欢这个故事——

尽管老夫妻

几乎无物可以奉送,

除了他们奉献爱心

这种意愿——

只因为这一点

上帝垂爱他们

也祝福他们——

当上帝飞离

凡尘之躯时,

有如千万颗水珠

自喷泉升腾,

那道光

扫亮了那茅屋的

每个角落,

那对老夫妻

因为领会而颤抖,

俯首叩拜——

但他们依然一无所求,

只要他们一直过着的

艰辛生活。

上帝消失时面带微笑,

拍闪着巨大的翅膀。

不管这发生在哪里,

我总认为那该是

今天早晨——

不管我所说的是什么

我将会去做——

我当时正站在

这田野的边缘——

我当时正匆忙地

穿过我自己的心灵,

打开它暗黑的门扉——

我当时正倚身向外;

我正在倾听。

■牡丹

今天早晨牡丹翠绿的拳头正准备

  要击碎我的心,

    在太阳东升时,

      在太阳以他古老油润的手指触摸它们时,

它们绽放了——

  丝带的花簇,

    雪白映着粉红——

      整日里有黑蚂蚁上上下下地爬动,

在花蕊的卷心里钻出一眼眼深深的

  神秘小洞,

    肆饮那甜汁,

      把它运走

送到它们黑暗的地下城市——

  一整天,

    在风向不定的和风下,

      像参加一场盛大婚礼的舞会,

花朵们弯曲着明丽的身体,

  将芳香暗暗散给空气,

    升腾,

      它们红色的茎干聚敛着

所有的湿润与张扬

  喜滋滋、飘飘然,

    它又是依然故我——

      美得勇敢、令人效仿,

灼灼绽放。

  你爱这个世界吗?

    你珍惜你低微而宛若丝绸的生活吗?

      你欣慕葱郁的野草以及它身下的惧怕吗?

你是否也匆匆地半裹着衣服赤脚走进花园,

  那样轻捷地,

    一边惊呼它们的娇贵可爱,

      一边拥满雪白的粉红的花朵入怀,

拥着它们多汁的沉重,雍容华贵的颤动,

  拥着它们想拥有

    一刻狂放与完美的急切,在它们还没有化作

      尘泥之前,永远拥有?

■太阳

你可曾见过

生活中

有何物

奇妙得胜似

太阳的仪态,

每个黄昏

雍容而随和地

向地平线漂浮

投身云朵或群山

或涟漪如皱的海洋,

然后消失——

而它又会再次闪现

冲出黑暗,

在每个清晨,

出现在世界的另一面,

像一朵红花

带着天堂般的油彩小溪向上流淌,

譬如在这初夏的清晨,

有着帝王式威严的完美距离——

你可曾体味到任何事物

像这狂放的爱——

你觉得任何地方任何语言中

会有一个字具有如此翻江倒海的容量

像太阳这么

足以涵纳

令你充盈的愉悦么?

当它喷薄而出,

温暖着你,

而你就站在那儿,

两手空空——

抑或你也

转身背对这世界——

抑或你也

疯狂追逐

权力、

物质?

■残损

我走下去,到了海水边上。

晨光中的一切如此闪亮!

海螺的尾壳,

蛤蜊残缺的食物柜,

开口的蓝色贻贝,

暗粉色的月螺被藤壶叮出了缺口,

没有一只完整或紧闭,残破了,裂开了,

被海鸥丢在汇市的岩石上,没有一丝潮气。

这一切犹如一间校舍,

写满小字,

数以千计的字。

你首先得琢磨出每一个字是什么意思,

洒满月光的脆响、螺蔓纹、扇贝纹。

然后你慢慢开始读出完整的故事。

得 一 忘 二 / 译

Mary Oliver was an “indefatigable guide to the natural world,” wrote Maxine Kumin in the Women’s Review of Books, “particularly to its lesser-known aspects.” Oliver’s poetry focused on the quiet of occurrences of nature: industrious hummingbirds, egrets, motionless ponds, “lean owls / hunkering with their lamp-eyes.” Kumin also noted that Oliver “stands quite comfortably on the margins of things, on the line between earth and sky, the thin membrane that separates human from what we loosely call animal.” Oliver’s poetry won numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award and a Lannan Literary Award for lifetime achievement. Reviewing Dream Work (1986) for the Nation, critic Alicia Ostriker numbered Oliver among America’s finest poets, as “visionary as [Ralph Waldo] Emerson.”

Mary Oliver was born and raised in Maple Hills Heights, a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. She would retreat from a difficult home to the nearby woods, where she would build huts of sticks and grass and write poems. She attended both Ohio State University and Vassar College, but did not receive a degree from either institution. As a young poet, Oliver was deeply influenced by Edna St. Vincent Millay and briefly lived in Millay’s home, helping Norma Millay organize her sister’s papers. Oliver is notoriously reticent about her private life, but it was during this period that she met her long-time partner, Molly Malone Cook. The couple moved to Provincetown, Massachusetts, and the surrounding Cape Cod landscape has had a marked influence on Oliver’s work. Known for its clear and poignant observations and evocative use of the natural world, Oliver’s poetry is firmly rooted in place and the Romantic nature tradition. Her work received early critical attention; American Primitive (1983), her fifth book, won the Pulitzer Prize. According to Bruce Bennetin the New York Times Book Review, American Primitive, “insists on the primacy of the physical.” Bennet commended Oliver’s “distinctive voice and vision” and asserted that the “collection contains a number of powerful, substantial works.” Holly Prado of the Los Angeles Times Book Review also applauded Oliver’s original voice, writing that American Primitive “touches a vitality in the familiar that invests it with a fresh intensity.”

Dream Work (1986) continues Oliver’s search to “understand both the wonder and pain of nature” according to Prado in a later review for the Los Angeles Times Book Review. Ostriker considered Oliver “among the few American poets who can describe and transmit ecstasy, while retaining a practical awareness of the world as one of predators and prey.” For Ostriker, Dream Work is ultimately a volume in which Oliver moves “from the natural world and its desires, the ‘heaven of appetite’ ... into the world of historical and personal suffering. ... She confronts as well, steadily,” Ostriker continued, “what she cannot change.”

The transition from engaging the natural world to engaging more personal realms was also evident in New and Selected Poems (1992), which won the National Book Award. The volume contains poems from eight of Oliver’s previous volumes as well as previously unpublished, newer work. Susan Salter Reynolds, in the Los Angeles Times Book Review, noticed that Oliver’s earliest poems were almost always oriented toward nature, but they seldom examined the self and were almost never personal. In contrast, Oliver appeared constantly in her later works. But as Reynolds noted “this self-consciousness is a rich and graceful addition.” Just as the contributor for Publishers Weekly called particular attention to the pervasive tone of amazement with regard to things seen in Oliver’s work, Reynolds found Oliver’s writings to have a “Blake-eyed revelatory quality.” Oliver summed up her desire for amazement in her poem “When Death Comes” from New and Selected Poems: “When it’s over, I want to say: all my life / I was a bride married to amazement. / I was the bridegroom, taking the world into my arms.”

Oliver continued her celebration of the natural world in her next collections, including Winter Hours: Prose, Prose Poems, and Poems (1999), Why I Wake Early (2004), New and Selected Poems, Volume 2 (2004), and Swan: Poems and Prose Poems (2010). Critics have compared Oliver to other great American lyric poets and celebrators of nature, including Marianne Moore, Elizabeth Bishop, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Walt Whitman. “Oliver’s poetry,” wrote Poetry magazine contributor Richard Tillinghast in a review of White Pine (1994) “floats above and around the schools and controversies of contemporary American poetry. Her familiarity with the natural world has an uncomplicated, nineteenth-century feeling.” 

A prolific writer of both poetry and prose, Oliver routinely published a new book every year or two. Her main themes continue to be the intersection between the human and the natural world, as well as the limits of human consciousness and language in articulating such a meeting. Jeanette McNew in Contemporary Literature described “Oliver’s visionary goal,” as “constructing a subjectivity that does not depend on separation from a world of objects. Instead, she respectfully conferred subjecthood on nature, thereby modeling a kind of identity that does not depend on opposition for definition. … At its most intense, her poetry aims to peer beneath the constructions of culture and reason that burden us with an alienated consciousness to celebrate the primitive, mystical visions that reveal ‘a mossy darkness – / a dream that would never breathe air / and was hinged to your wildest joy / like a shadow.’” Her last books included A Thousand Mornings (2012), Dog Songs (2013), Blue Horses (2014), Felicity (2015), Upstream: Selected Essays (2016), and Devotions: The Selected Poems of Mary Oliver (2017).

Mary Oliver held the Catharine Osgood Foster Chair for Distinguished Teaching at Bennington College until 2001. In addition to such major awards as the Pulitzer and National Book Award, Oliver  received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. She also won the American Academy of Arts & Letters Award, the Poetry Society of America’s Shelley Memorial Prize and Alice Fay di Castagnola Award.

Oliver lived in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and Hobe Sound, Florida, until her death in early 2019. She was 83.

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