膝的结构-滑囊(Bursae)-双语学习

There are up to 13 bursa of various sizes in and around the knee. These fluid filled sacs cushion the joint and reduce friction between muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments. There are bursa located underneath the tendons and ligaments on both the lateral and medial sides of the knee. The prepatellar bursa is one of the larger bursae of the knee and is located on the front of the patella (hence pre-patellar) just under the skin. It protects the patella. Sometimes, whether due to direct trauma or even infection, it can become irritated, swollen, and painful.  This is known as prepatellar bursitis.  The pes bursa is another important bursa that overlies some of the hamstring tendons which attach to the medial side of the tibia.  It too can sometimes become irritated, causing pes bursitis, which can be painful.

膝部及周围有多达13个大小不等的滑囊。这些充满液体的囊状物缓冲关节，能减少肌肉、骨骼、肌腱和韧带之间的摩擦。在膝关节外侧和内侧的肌腱和韧带下方都有滑囊。髌前囊是膝关节较大的囊之一，位于髌骨前部(即髌前囊)皮下，它保护髌骨。有时，无论是由于直接的创伤，或是感染，都会变得敏感、肿胀和疼痛，这被称为髌前滑囊炎。鹅足滑囊是另一个重要的囊，它覆盖着一些附着在胫骨内侧的腘绳肌腱。它有时也会被刺激，导致鹅足滑囊炎，也很痛苦。

The knee joint contains the following main bursae:

Suprapatellar bursa: Between the femur and the quadriceps femoris tendon

Popliteus bursa: Between the tendon of the popliteus muscle and the lateral condyle of the tibia

Pes anserine bursa: Between the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles (and the medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Gastrocnemius bursa: Between the tendon of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the joint capsule

Semimembranosus bursa: Between the tendon of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa: Between the anterior surface of the patella and the skin that covers it

Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa: Between the tibial tuberosity and the skin

Deep infrapatellar bursa: Between the patellar ligament and the anterior part of the tibia

膝关节包含的主要滑囊如下:

髌上囊:  位于股骨和股四头肌肌腱之间

腘窝囊:  位于腘肌肌腱与胫骨外侧髁之间

鹅足囊:  位于缝匠肌、股薄肌和半腱肌(以及胫骨内侧副韧带)肌腱之间

腓肠肌囊:  位于腓肠肌内侧头肌腱与关节囊之间

半膜肌囊:  位于腓肠肌内侧头肌腱和半膜肌肌腱之间

髌前囊:  位于髌骨前表面和覆盖它的皮肤之间

髌下囊:  位于胫骨结节和皮肤之间

髌下深囊:  位于髌韧带和胫骨前部之间

膝关节滑囊炎