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小学英语语法汇总(二)
小学英语语法汇总(二) 

how 疑问句一家子的“实话实说”
【王小元】各位观众,大家好!我是英语栏目的主持人王小元。今天,我非常荣幸地请到了how疑问句一家子。有请几位上台!
  (how携how much, how often 等上台。)
  【王小元】how先生,请您给大家做一下自我介绍好吗?
  【how】I am too excited to say a word.
  【王小元】how先生,别激动。Take it easy.
  【how】各位观众,大家好!我叫how, 我主要用来引导特殊疑问句,可以询问身体健康。如:
  How is your mother today? 你妈妈今天身体好吗?
  我还可以询问交通方式。如:
  How does Li Lei usually go to school? 李雷通常怎样去学校?
  另外我也可以询问天气。如:
  How is the weather today? 今天天气怎么样?
  That's all. Thank you.
  【王小元】感谢how先生所做的精彩介绍。大家知道,how后面跟不同的形容词或副词,同样可以引导含义不同的特殊疑问句,如how old, how long, how often 等。下面就请各位踊跃发言。
  【how old】我主要用来询问年龄。如:
  How old is Mr Wang? 王先生多大年龄?
  当然,我也可以用来询问建筑物的年头、历史等。如:
  How old is this bridge? 这座桥有多少年的历史了?
  【how long】我多用来询问长度。如:
  How long is the Yellow River? 黄河有多长?
  【how often】how long, 你怎么不实说实话呢?你忘了你还能询问时间长短呢!如:
  How long does it take you to go to work by bike every day? 你每天骑自行车上班花多长时间?
  【how long】您瞧我这记性。Mr Wang, I am sorry.
  【王小元】That's all right. how often先生,请你介绍一下自己好吗?
  【how often】我没多大本领,主要用来对动作发生的频率进行提问。如:
  How often do you go to see your grandma? 你多长时间去看你的奶奶?
  【how many】我主要对可数名词的数量进行提问。如:
  How many people are there in your family? 你家里有几口人?
  【how much】你也就只能提问可数名词的数量吧,问不可数名词的量,可就得看我的了。如:
  How much water is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少水?
  【王小元】非常感谢how一家子来我们演播室,并做了精彩的自我介绍,同时感谢各位观众的积极参与。谢谢大家,下次节目再见!

选择疑问句大显神通
 Hi,大家好,现在是轮到我选择疑问句"大显神通"的时候了.我能选择很多东西,羡慕吧!想了解我多一些吗?那就关注我吧!
  我选择疑问句是向对方提问两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种回答的问句。讲话时供选择的项目除最后一个用降调结尾外,其余的项目要用升调。
  一、一般疑问句的选择疑问句
  1. 供选择的两个项目连在一起。如:
Is your brother tall or short? 你的弟弟高还是矮? 、
He is tall.
  2. 第二个选项放在句末。如:
Will you plant trees or watch TV this morning? 今天上午你植树还是看电视? \
I will plant trees.
  二、特殊疑问句的选择疑问句
  1. 特殊疑问句在前,选择内容在后。如:
Which do you like best, dogs, cats or monkeys? 你最喜欢哪一个,狗、猫还是猴子? \
I like dogs best.
  2. 选择内容在前,特殊疑问句在后。如:
Is it coffee, or tea or what? 这是咖啡,是茶,还是什么?
It is juice.
  3. 在两个选择项目中,说话人不想指明第二个选择内容,讲话时可用or something代替,让听话人自己讲出正确答案。如:
How much is thirteen plus eight? Well, is it twenty or something? 十三加八是多少?是二十还是什么?
It is twenty-one

感叹句工厂
Hello, boys and girls. I'm Mr Huang. Nice to see you n. 我向你们推荐我厂W车间生产的"产品"。
W车间生产的"产品"是由What引导的感叹句。其结构为:What+a(an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)可,如:
What an interesting story it is !多有趣的故事啊!
What a lovely day it is!多好的天气啊!
What interesting books they are!多有趣的书啊!
What bad weather it is!多坏的天气啊!
What a beautiful girl!多漂亮的女孩啊!
在口语中,这类感叹句有时常省略主语和谓语,如:
What a big fish!多大的一条语啊
What a pretty girl!多秀丽的女孩啊!
What a beautiful bird!多么漂亮的一只鸟啊!
Hello, boys and girls. I'm Mr Huang. Nice to see you again. 上面我向你们推荐了我厂A车间生产的"产品",下面向你们介绍H车间生产的"产品"。
  H车间生产的"产品"是由how引导的感叹句。其结构为:How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!如:
How big the dining room is!餐厅真大啊!
How lovely the girls are!这些女孩真可爱!
  How beautiful those flowers are!这些花真美啊!
  How well she dances!她跳得真好呀!
  How hard he studies!他学习多么努力啊!
  How carefully Li Yan listens!李艳听得多么认真啊!
  在口语中,这类感叹句有时常省略主语和谓语,只保留感叹部分。如:
How clean! 真干净!
How fast!多么快啊!
完成下列感叹句。
  1. ________ ________the listening room is!(语音室真大呀!)
  2. ________ ________ the park is!(公园多么美丽啊!)
  3. ________ ________ she sings!(她唱得太好了!)

特殊疑问句
  1. 定义
  以特殊疑问词开头,对陈述句中的某一部分提出疑问 / 进行发问的句子叫特殊疑问句。
  2. 特殊疑问词全搜索
一句话: wh-开头外加能与之结伴同行的名词; how及它的形容词兄弟姐妹们,即如:
What(什么),why(为什么),who(谁), where(哪里), which(哪一个), what class(什么课), what time(什么时间), what number(什么号码); how(怎么样),how many(多少), how old(多大), how much(多少)等。
  3. 特殊疑问句的构成特殊疑问句由"特殊疑问词+一般疑问句"构成:
  How old are you? 你多大了?
  What's this in English? 这个用英语怎么讲?
  但特殊疑问句有时也要"特殊解":即如果问的是主语或主语的定语时,这时的特殊疑问句看起来成了"特殊疑问词(+主语)+陈述句"。如:
  Who's not here today? 今天谁没来?
  Which pen is red? 哪枝钢笔是红色的?
  4. 特殊疑问句的语调小插件
  一般说来,特殊疑问句都要读成降调(↘),并往往让最后一个单词承担此重任。如:
  What row are you in(↘)? 你在第几排?
  Where is"E" (↘)? "E"在哪里?
  5. 对特殊疑问句的答复小扫描
  回答特殊疑问句,不能用"yes / no";但可用"到什么山上唱什么歌"来形容对特殊疑问句的应答- -即问什么答什么(尤其是简略回答更明显)。如:
  -How old is your sister? 你妹妹今年多大了?
  -She's only five. / Only five. (她)才5岁。
根据答句写问句。
1、My bag is under the chair.
2、He’s eleven.
3、I’m a bus driver.
4、Li Yan is not here.
5、This pencil-case is 5 yuan.
6、You can take a bus.
同学们在学习英语时是否注意到英语的疑问句和汉语有所不同?英语中的疑问句有一种是以what, who, where, how等开头的疑问句,这类疑问句便叫做特殊疑问句,而这些表示疑问的词叫疑问词。为了掌握特殊疑问句,还是让我们一起来勇闯三关吧!
  第一关:疑问词关
  询问的内容不同,我们所使用的疑问词便不同。问物用what,问(电话)号码也用what,问人用who,问地点用where,问年龄用how old,问身体情况用how,问年级则用what grade等。例如:
  1. -What's that in English?
  -It's a book.
  2. -How old are you?
  -I'm fourteen.
  第二关:语序关
  英语中疑问句一般应用倒装语序,即将动词be(can等)放在主语的前面。特殊疑问句的语序还应注意将特殊疑问词放在句首。例如:
  1. Where are you from?
  2. How is your father?
  当然,如果疑问词在句中作主语,则其后直接跟上动词。例如:
  Who is Lin Ying?
  第三关:回答关
  对特殊疑问句进行回答往往不可用yes或no,而应根据它所询问的内容直接作出回答。例如:
  -What class are you in?
  -I'm in Class Nine.
  回答时,问句中的名词在答句中常用代词代替,this和that指物常用it来代替,these和those指人或指物时常用 they来代替。例如:
  1. -Where is Mr Wang from?
  -He is from Beijing.
  2. -What are these?
  -They are boxes.
  当然我们还应注意,在朗读时特殊疑问句应用降调。例如:
  How old is your English↘teacher?

There be 结构的用法
there be句型有特点,主语放在be后边,
  多个主语并列时,be随最近主语变。
  变疑问很简单,把be提到there前。
  变否定也不难,be的后面not添。
  肯定句中用some, 疑问、否定any换。
  介词短语表地点,"有"表"存在"记心间。
  There be在主语前,have/has在主语后。
  多个主语并列时,There be随第一主语变。
  并列主语表"所有",要用have是正理。
  There be表"存在", have/has表"所有"。

have“有”何烦恼
Hi,大家好,我是动词have,你们早就认识我了吧。同学们很羡慕我的本领大,但我也有我的烦恼,就是有些同学对我认识得不够全面,常常用错我,下面我就向大家诉诉苦,希望大家能正确使用我。
  烦恼一:读错我
  因为我是个开音节,所以有些同学把我误读成/haiv/,记住我读/haiv/。
  烦恼二:译错我
  我最基本的涵义是"有",强调"所属关系",表示"拥有"。如:
  I have a computer.我有一台电脑。
  但有些同学一见到我就译成"有",那你就大错而特错了,其实我的用法除意为"有"之外,还有不少其它涵义呢。请看:
  1.作"买"讲。如:
  I want to have a kilo of meat.我想买一公斤肉。
  2.作"用;作用;借用"讲,如:
  Excuse me, may I have your pen?打扰了,我可以用用你的钢笔吗?
  3.我加上表示食品、饮料等名词,意为"吃;喝"=(eat,drink)。如:
  I have /eat an egg for breakfast.我早餐吃一个鸡蛋。
  4.在我后面加上表示某种活动的名词,意为"举行;进行"。如:
  The students are having a class.学生们在上课。
  5.我还可作"邀请;招待"讲。如:
  Thank you for having me.感谢你们邀请我。
  6.我善交朋友,还可与其它词构成一些常见的固定搭配。如:
  have a rest休息一会儿,have a good time过得愉快,have a look,看一看,have a talk交谈, have a meeting开会等等。
  烦恼三:变错我
  我的第三人称单数不是在我的词尾直接加s (haves ),而是has,我和has在否定句、疑问句中,要借助助动词do, does构成疑问句,借助don't, doesn't构成否定句。并把has还原成我have。如:
  Lily has some red pencils.
  (否定句)Lily doesn't have any red pencils.
  (疑问句)Does Lily have any red pencils?
  我的否定句、疑问句也可以不借助于助动词,而直接在我have和has后加not构成否定句或将我have和has提到句首构成疑问句。不过这种变法只有我和has作"有"讲时才能用,千万别变错呀!如:
  1. I have an eraser.
  (否定句)I haven't an eraser.
  (疑问句)Do you have an eraser?
  2. We have lunch at school.
  误:We have not lunch at school.
  正:We don't have lunch at school.

Do 的四作用
动词do在句中的作用可以概述为四句十二字:"做"实义,助动词,替前文,强语气。
  作用一:实义do
  do作实义动词时,有do, does, did, done, doing五种形式,还有及物、不及物之分。如:
  1. vt. "做;研究;整理;完成"。如:
  ①The old man does an hour of sport every day.
  ②She did her homework at home last night.
  ③Mother was doing the cooking when I reached home.
  ④Have you done the exercises yet?
  2. vi. "行动;工作;进展;足够"。如:
  ①Kate does very well in her Chinese.
  ②How do you do?
  ③Well done!
  ④That will do.
  作用二:助动do
  do作助动词时,只有do, does, did三种形式,无词义,限用于含行为动词的一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态的否定句和疑问句中。如:
  ①They don't have any tickets for tonight's concert.
  ②Kate stayed at home last night, didn't she?
  ③How many books does the library have?
  ④She doesn't do the washing in the evening.
  作用三:替代do
  为避免动词的重复,使语言简练,常以do, does, did替代前文所用的行为动词。如:
  ①Tom runs much faster than you do.
  ②-Lucy, can you get some more tea, please?
   -Sure. I'll do it right away.
  ②-Who broke the cup?
   -Mimi did.
  ③-I like bananas.
   -So does he.
  作用四:语气do
  为突出感情色彩,do常用于祈使句、强调句和倒装句中,以加强语气。如:
  ①Do be careful.
  ②Don't tell a lie.
  ③He did come.
  ④-You often go to the park.
   -So we do.

愁眉不展的 did
Hi!Dear friends! 大家都认识我吧,我是助动词did,我的最大特点就是善解人意、助人为乐嘛!可是呀,有时我的心情会很糟糕!这是因为一些粗心的朋友不理解我。现在我想把我的烦恼说出来,希望大家能够关心我,别再令我烦恼了,OK?
  1. 到底何时使用我?
  我和其它助动词一样,本身无意义,自己不能独立作谓语,只能和其它主要动词一起构成谓语,用于构成一般过去时的否定句和疑问句,当然也常常用于代替上文中的行为动词的过去式。如:
   I didn't go to school last Sunday. 上周日我没上学。
   Did you buy a new pen yesterday? 昨天你买了枝新钢笔吗?
   2.我身后的动词到底用什么形式?
   有的小朋友总不注意我身后的动词用什么形式,你说我多么烦恼呀!其实,在否定句和疑问句中,我身后的动词必须用原形。不信你来瞧:
   他昨天没有在家吃午饭。
   [误] He didn't had lunch at home yesterday.
   [正] He didn't have lunch at home yesterday.
  3. 我能用be动词代替吗?
  不管怎么说,含有行为(实义)动词的一般过去时的肯定句变成否定句或疑问句时,不能用be动词,必须用到我!含be动词的句子构成否定句或疑问句都绝不会让我露面!有的小朋友总是让我委屈、让我烦,还是看看例句吧:
   They went to the park last week. (改为否定句)
   [误] They weren't go to the park last week.
   [正] They didn't go to the park last week.
   小朋友们这次了解我了吧,今后可别再出错啦,否则我一定会更加愁眉不展的!OK, see you next time!

Be 的四功能
be是一个多功能动词,在初级英语里可见四种用法:
  功能一,系动词be
  be为连系动词,中心词义是"是",句型为"主+系+表"结构。be的形式常用am, is, are(现在式);was, were(过去式);will/can/may/must be(助动词/情态动词+原形);have/has/had been(助动词+过去分词)等。如:
  To help animals is helping people.(一般现在时)
  The twins were very busy yesterday.(一般过去时)
  It will be sunny tomorrow.(一般将来时)
  She has been ill for over a week.(现在完成时)
  功能二,助动词be
  助动词be,无词义,辅助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词。用法如下:
  1. be+doing:构成进行时态,有现在和过去两种进行时态。如:
  The girls is reading and copying the new words now.
  Young Tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas.
  2. be+done:构成被动语态(主语是动作的承受者,done必须是及物动词)。如:
  Tea is grown in my hometown.(一般现在时的被动语态)
  This building was built three years ago.(一般过去时的被动语态)
  Our classroom has been cleaned and tidied already.(现在完成时的被动语态)
  How could this kind of cakes be made in your home?(含情态动词的被动语态)
  That is a day never to be forgotten.(动词不定式的被动语态)
  3. be+going to do,表示"打算或将要做某事",be有现在和过去两种形式。如:
  We are going to plant trees in the park.
  I didn't know if she was going to come here.
  4. be+to do,表示"按计划安排将要做某事"。如:
  The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday.
  One night an angel came to Mary and told her that she was to have this special boy.

  功能三,there be
  there be句式为:there be+主语部分+状语部分,表示"某处存在某物",be常用现在时,过去时和将来时等。如:
  Oh, cool! And there are many things to see. There is even a deer park in Sanya.
  There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt.
  Will there be a football match in your school next week?

  功能四,实义be
  可以将be视为实义动词,因为它具有实际的词义,如"成为;做;发生;举行;逗留;到达"等。如:
  His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.
  Kate's birthday party will be at half past six this evening.
  Jim has been in China for more than two years, but he has not yet been to Yichang.

打开“like文档”
like既可作动词,又可作介词。在使用它时要好好分辨它的词性。否则,还真容易混淆。下面是我为大家创建的"like文档",打开它,like用法一目了然。
  【文档1】like作动词,意为"喜欢;爱好"。
  1.like+名词(代词)表示"喜欢某人或某物"。
  【操练】Mary likes apples a lot. 玛丽非常喜欢苹果。
  2.like doing (sth.) 表示"喜欢做某事",它侧重于经常性地喜欢做某事。
  【操练】She likes reading. 她喜欢阅读。
  3.like to do (sth.) 表示"喜欢做(某事)",它侧重于具体的、一次性的动作或行为,也表示偶然喜欢做某事。
  【操练】I like playing football, but I like to play basketball today. 我喜欢踢足球,但今天我喜欢打篮球。
  4. would like sth. / would like to do sth.表示"想要某物"/"想要做某事"。would like短语相当于want,但它比want的语气更委婉。
  【操练】I would like some cakes. 我想要些蛋糕。
  I would like to have dumplings. 我想吃饺子。
  5.would like sb. to do sth.表示"想要某人做某事"。
  【操练】I'd like you to go shopping with me.我想要你和我一起去购物。
  【相关链接】表示喜欢的程度。如"很(非常)喜欢",可在句式后加上a lot, a little或very much等。表示"不喜欢(做某事)……",可用"don't / doesn't like (doing/ to do sth.)",有时我们可在其后加上at all来表示不喜欢的程度。
  【文档2】like作介词,意为"跟……一样;像……"。
  1.like后接名词、代词作宾语。
  【操练】Don't throw it like this. 不要像这样扔。
  2.like分别与be和look构成be like,look like短语意为"看来像……一样"。
  【操练】She is like her mother. 她长得像她的母亲。

Some 与 Any
some和any都有"一些"的含义,都能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,但用法却大有不同。
  some 一般用在肯定句中。
  如: There are some girls in the classroom. 教室里有一些女孩。
  some有时也用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定回答,并不表示对某事有疑问。
  如: Will you give me some ink? 请给我一些墨水好吗?
  any一般用于疑问句和否定句中。
  如: Are there any maps on the wall? 墙上有地图吗? There aren't any trees behind the house. 房子后面没有树。
  请用some和any填空,使句意完整。
  1. Are there ______ bananas in the bag?
  2. There are ______ goats under the tree.
  3. There aren't ______ people on the bus.
  4. There are ______ roses on the table.

“多少”须计较
【哥哥how many】请同学们评评理:我生来就与可数名词有缘, 我身后只用复数名词, 我就是我, 干吗把我放在单数名词或不可数名词的前面呢?!在复数名词的前面,有我弟弟how much的事吗? 我弟弟非要抢我的位置,你们说多么可气呀!如:
  你有多少本故事书?
  【误】 How many storybook do you have?
  【误】 How much storybook do you have?
  【正】 How many storybooks do you have?
  他想要多少块面包?
  【误】 How many piece of bread does he want?
  【误】 How much piece of bread does he want?
  【正】 How many pieces of bread does he want?
  【弟弟how much】 Hello, everyone! 我是弟弟how much , 在"多少"的问题上我与我哥哥是不同的,我用于修饰不可数名词,可是,how many有时也要插进来,这可是错误的呀!不可数名词是我how much的专利。不信,你们瞧:
  你需要多少肉?
  【误】 How many meat do you need?
  【正】 How much meat do you need?
  请大家评评理,看看我们到底谁对!另外,我能问"多少钱",我哥哥可以吗?如:
  How much was your pen? 你的钢笔多少钱?
  How much are those things? 那些东西多少钱?
  这回,同学们心中有数了吧!

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