第二十八式：短文改错备考锦囊之五
大家好，小招又来了！
在前四次的小招中，小编总体介绍了短文改错的考察方式，并列举了名词、冠词、谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词副词，代词及介词的常见考点。
链接如下：
今天咱们书接上回，
接着讲后面的内容。
08
句法主谓要一致
在英语中，句子谓语动词的形式应当与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
主谓一致主要分为以下三种情况：
1. 语法一致（主语的单复数决定着谓语动词的单复数）
2. 意义一致（形单意复或形复意单的名词，要根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数）
3. 就近/就远一致（谓语动词的单复数取决于离它最近/最远的主语）
近年高考短文改错中对于主谓一致的考查较少，在短文改错的各种习题中考察主要集中在语法一致和意义一致上，并且常常将主谓一致与动词的时态语态结合起来进行综合考察。
请看以下例句：
例句1: Luckily I had all my money on (改in) my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on.
(11年全国卷，was改为were)
例句2：My dream school look like a big garden.
(14年全国卷II，look改looks)
例句3：Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky.
(14年陕西卷，was改were)
例句:4: The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
(14年辽宁卷，have改has)
09
从句多考连接词
从句连接词主要有以下三个考察方面：
一 并列句和主从复合句的区分
二 各种从句的区分及连接词选择
三 其他个别情况
并列句和复合句的区分
很多句法意识不强的同学，经常因为不能区分并列句和复合句而产生错误。
要特别注意并列句与定语从句的区别:并列句由and，but 等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。仔细观察下面两组例句：
a1: They live in a small house, in front of which stands an apple tree. （主从复合句）
a2: They live in a small house and in front of it stands an apple tree. （并列句）
b1: The old man has three sons, none of whom is a doctor. （主从复合句）
b2: The old man has tree sons, but none of them is a doctor.（并列句）
真题再现：
例句1: Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
(17年全国卷III，they改which或that)
还要特别注意并列句和状语从句的区别：并列句是连词连接的两个互补依存的主谓结构，两者之间是并列关系；状语从句中前后两个句子一个是主句，一个是从句，从句是用来修饰主句的。仔细观察下面两组例句：
a1: If you take the medicine, you will be all right. (主从复合句)
a2: Take the medicine and you will be all right. （并列句）
b1:Although money is necessary for a hapapy life, it can't buy happiness.（主从复合句）
b2: Money is necessary for a happy life, but it can't buy happiness. （并列句）
真题再现：
例句2: Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.
(16年全国卷I，删but或改为yet)
例句3: Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
(14年全国卷I，删but或改为yet)
其实也可以设置并列句和名词性从句区分的题目，但是高考中不常见，个别模拟或联考题中有出现，此处不做重点的讲解，仅附一个例子(非真题)：What I believe it is the best way to get close to nature. (删what)
最后还有一种情况是：设置的病句不是简单句，不是并列句，更不是复合句。很多句子概念不强的同学，往往看不出这种错误。
例句4：He had a deep voice, which set himself(改him) apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
(13年全国卷I，he was 前加and)
各种从句区分及连接词的选择
这类题目要做好必须具备区分各种从句并且能够正确选出连接词的能力。
错误一般是（1）不同从句间连接词的混淆或（2）同一种从句内连接词的混淆
真题再现：
例句1: In their spare time, they are interesting(改interested) in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
(17年全国卷，that 改which)
例句2: My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
(16年全国卷II，how改what)
例句3: After looks(改looking) at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
(15年全国卷II，where改that或删去where)
例句4：But before long they began to see which was happening,
(12年全国卷，which改what）
例句5: We would be grateful when you could join them(改us) that day.
(08年宁夏海南卷，when改if)
另外，逗号后面一定不能用that吗?
如果确定是定语从句，那么一定不能用that。但是，要注意下面这种正确的句子：I want to say，however，that you are wrong.
其他个别情况
一、 连接词的多余
例句1：If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt, tell your teacher immediately.
(14年四川卷，删when)
二、错把介词当连接词
例句2：In a （删a）fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me
(13年全国卷I， during改when)
三，固定句型中的连接词用错
10
词法句法均未错，逻辑推理去寻找
逻辑推理一般体现在并列连词的考察上。
注意并列连词并列的可以是句子，也是词或短语，都有可能会设置逻辑上的错误。
对于并列连词，一般以改为主。
例句1:Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, so once I startaed the car, my mind goes(改went) black.
(17年全国卷I，so 改but)
例句2：There the air is clean or the mountains are green.
(15年全国卷I，or改and)
例句3：I bought my tickets but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor and then I realized that someone had stolen it.
（11年全国卷，but改and）
例句4:Without a moment's delay, my (改his) neighbour picked up the box but announced, 'I'll take them.'
(10年全国卷，but改and）
今天的小招，至此结束！
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