武功县观音堂中学 高增敏
1. 独立主格结构
一、概念：
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、功能：
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式：
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
四、举例：
1、There beingnothing else to do, they gone away.
由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing; 表原因）
2、Miss Wangcome into the classroom, books in hand.
王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）
3、The old mansat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed; 表状态）
4、Class over,we began to play basketball.
放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）
5、Without aword more spoken, he picked up the paper.
没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（介词结构；表伴随）
6、The lastguest to arrive, our party was started.
最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）
五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：
⑴ Iftime permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. －→Time permitting，we’d better have a restat this weekend.
如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。
⑵ Whenwe see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. －→Seeing from the topfloor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。
2、 还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：
⑴Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)
⑵ Whenplanting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）
六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judgingfrom; supposing等等。
例：
⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。
⑵Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to behonest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to befrank; to make the matter worse等等。例：
⑴ Totell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
⑵ Tomake the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了
一般的分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，如果没有，就称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。
【例如】
※Lookingout of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(这句话听起来好象是那些山从窗户往外看。)
※Admiredby everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(这句话听起来好象是信件被赞扬。)
※Sittingunder an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(这句话听上去好象是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语)，不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”，即句子是正确的。1)有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度，看问题的角度，或者对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们便成了句子的独立成分，其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。
【例如】
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must befrom the South.从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with thebook.总的来说，这本书没有问题。Takingall things into consideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来，他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有：frankly (broadly,generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talkingabout…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
2)这样使用的有些分词，在句子中逐渐起到连词或介词的作用，便把它们视为连词或介词。
【例如】
Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行为也会引起极大不快。Therewere ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十个人，包括我在内。Provided that my expenses are paid, I willgo.要是我的费用有人代付，我就去。经常这样使用的分词有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning,presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that),touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。
3)某些句子中作状语的分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子的主语，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，对这样的句子也不再认为是“悬垂分词”。
【例如】
Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the father's heart.
她父亲看到她健康迅速恶化，很是惊慌。
(分词seeing的逻辑主语当然不是alarm，但它包含在宾语heart的定语father's之中。)His summer holidayswere spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在乡下过暑假，帮助父亲干农活。(分词helping的逻辑主语包含在主语holidays的定语his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因为它们能清楚表达意思，不会引起误解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名词，不会误解为seeing的逻辑主语；第二句中主语holidays是无生命的名词，不可能误解为helping的逻辑主语。
4)如果句子谓语是被动语态，分词的逻辑主语可以包含在by后面的动作执行者之中(有时这个执行者并未明确表示出来)。这样的句子也可以被接受，而非“悬垂分词”。
【例如】
Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.
用简单的句子可以准确有力地表达思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easilyexplained.像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一形势。以上两句中的分词using和knowing的逻辑主语当然不是它们句子的主语ideas和situation，而是没有明确表达出来的express和explain两个动作的执行者。
2. with 型复合结构
“with 复合结构”，即“with +宾语 + 补足语”，在英语中，特别是在书面语中是一个很常用的结构，它既可以充当状语，又可以充当定语。由于“with复合结构”在逻辑上是一个主谓关系完整的结构，因而，它也可以用相应的从句或分句代替。
一、“with复合结构”的构成
She usually sleeps with the windows open (= while the windows areopen) . 她通常开着窗户睡觉。
With her parents dead (= As her parents were dead ), the girl had toleft school . 她父母死了，那女孩只好辍学。
1.with + 宾语 + 副词，如：
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on (= while allthe lights are on). 所有的灯都亮时，广场显得更加美丽。
With his parents away (= As his parents are away), Tom becomes morenaughty . 父母不在，汤姆变得更淘气。
2.with + 宾语 + 介词短语，如：
The teacher came in with a book in his hand (= while a book was inhis hand) . 老师手里拿着书走进来。
The girl looked up with tears in her eyes （=while tears were in her eyes) . 那女孩眼泪汪汪地抬起头。
3.with + 宾语 + 现在分词，如：
With summer corning (= As summer is corning), the weather isbecoming hotter and hotter . 随着夏天的到来，天气越来越热。
With the teacher standing beside (= As the teacher was standingbeside)，she felt a bit uneasy . 老师站在旁边，她觉得有点不自然。
4.with + 宾语 + 过去分词，如：
With the work done (= As the work had been done), she felt greatlyrelieved . 工作完成了，她大大地松了一口气。
With his hair cut (= As his hair has been cut), he looks muchyounger . 理了头发，他显得年轻多了。
5.with + 宾语 + 不定式，如：
With her to go with us (= As she will go with us), we're sure tohave a pleasant journey . 有她和我们一起去，我们旅途一定会很愉快。
With Mr Smith to teach them English next term（= As Mr Smith will teach them English) , they will be greatlyimproved in spoken English . 下学期史密斯先生教他们英语，他们的口语会大有提高。
6.with + 宾语 + 名词，如：
They set up a football team, with Tom their head ( = and Tom wastheir head) . 他们建立了一支足球队，汤姆当队长。
With a native out guide (= as a native is our guide) we needn't beafraid to get lost. 有本地人当向导，我们不必担心会迷路。
二、with复合结构的句法作用
with复合结构，即“with + 宾语+补足语”，在句子中可以充当状语和定语。
1.充当伴随或方式状语，如：
It’s bad manners to speakwith one's mouth full of food (= while one's mouth is full of food). 口里塞着东西说话是不礼貌的。
He fell asleep, with the light still on. （=while the light was still on)。 他睡着了，灯还亮着。
2.充当原因状语，如：
With her money lost (= as her money was lost), she was at a losswhat to do. 钱丢了，她不知如何是好。
With so many people helping him (= As so many people helped him),the orphan was able to pull through at last . 有那么多人帮助，这孤儿终于渡过了难关。
3.充当结果状语，如：
She walked out in the rain, with her clothes all wet (= and herclothes were all wet). 她冒雨出去，衣服都湿透了。
The house caught a big fire last night, with nothing left in it (=and nothing was left in it). 那房子昨晚发生火灾，结果里面的东西都烧光了。
4.充当定语，如：
The road with fruit trees planted on both sides (= where fruit treesare planted on both sides) leads to the mountain village. 两边果树的那条路通向那个山村。
The room with lights on (= where lights are on) is ourclass-room. 开着灯的那个教室是我们的。
We came to a river, with red flowers and green grass onboth banks.我们来到了一条两岸长着红花绿草的小河。
The old man , with his two sons dead, felt very alone andlonely.这位老人的两个儿子都死了，他感到孤独和寂寞。
除此以外，“with复合结构”还有其否定形式，即“without+ 宾语 + 补足语，”如：
The house caught a big fire last night, without anything left in it.= The house caught a big fire last night, with nothing left in it.
They finished the work without anyone helping them. =They finished the work with no one helping them.
3. 动词不定式的复合结构
是动词不定式的逻辑主语，这种复合结构在句中作主语，表语，宾语，定语和状语等。
It’s easy for me to speak English. 我说英语很容易。
It’s for you to decide. 这得由你决定。
For the goods to be packed in strong cases is necessary. 把货物包装在结实的箱子里是必要的。
I meant for you to eat, son. 儿子，我的意思是要你吃。
He was quite willing for everyone else to come. 他很情愿让别人都来。
He stood aside for her to pass. 他靠边站让她过去。
There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome. 有许多困难等待我们去克服。
It’s time for us to go. 时我们走的时候了。
的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词。 的句型一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词。 句型一般都可以转换成一个不定式作状语的句子，而 句型则不可以。
It’s very kind of you to help me. 你人太好了，帮了我的忙。
It is very good of you to come. 谢谢你的光临。
It is very important for her to express her opinions. 她表达自己的观点，这太重要了。
It was hard for him to say good-bye.要他道声再见是很难的。
4. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的逻辑主语是其前的物主代词或名词所有格。这种结构通常在句中作主语或宾语。在口语中，可以用名词通格和代词宾格，在当代英语中，动名词复合结构作宾语时，可用代词宾格或名词通格。
Mary’s coming late made her teacher angry. 玛丽的迟到让她的老师很生气。
It’s no use your trying to cheat me. 你想骗我是没有用的。
Excuse my interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的谈话。
Do you mind my smoking? 我可以抽烟吗？
I am sure of him coming on time. 我相信他会准时来的。
I hate people being unhappy. 我不愿人们不快乐。
My son staying up so late worried me. 我儿子睡得很晚令我担心。
I have often heard of him working hard. 我常听到他刻苦用功的话。
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