深静脉血栓栓塞症一直是围手术期处理中的一个非常重要的问题,对于外科医师而言,正确预防及处理存在一定难度。真正实用且专门针对泌尿外科围手术期静脉血栓栓塞症预防方面的指南并不多见。据查证,目前EAU指南中的Thromboprophylaxis部分仍是2017版的。
长春中医药大学附属医院泌尿外科宋轶老师对2017版EAU指南中Thromboprophylaxis(血栓预防)部分进行了翻译整理,针对不同种类的泌尿系手术分别给出有针对性的指导意见,实用性较强。
-目 录-
(上下滚动查看)
介绍
目标和宗旨
小组结构
可用出版物
出版的历史
方法
指导方法
指导方针
术后血栓预防
1.预防
2.结果和定义
3.血栓预防的时间和持续时间
4.推荐(或不推荐)术后血栓预防的基本原则
5.所有特别推荐的一般说明
6.建议
泌尿外科抗血栓药物的围手术期处理
1.介绍
2.证据的总结
3.建议
研究建议
介绍
目标和宗旨
小组结构
欧洲泌尿外科指南泌尿外科手术血栓预防小组由泌尿外科、内科、血液学、妇科和临床流行病学专家组成。虽然这些指南主要是为泌尿科医生编写的,但也可以被其他医生、患者或其他相关方使用。
可用出版物
一个快速参考文件、口袋指南,也可用在印刷和作为移动应用程序,介绍泌尿外科血栓预防指南的主要调查结果。这些是删节版,可能需要与全文一起协商。所有这些都可以通过欧洲泌尿外科学会的网站获得。(http://www.uroweb.org/guidelines/)
出版的历史
方法
指导方法
GRADE提供了四个级别的证据质量,依据证据的确定性和可信性程度分为:高、中、低和非常低。相对治疗效果而言,RCT是高质量的证据,而观察性研究是低质量的证据。对于基线风险(如术后静脉血栓栓塞的风险),观察性研究是高质量的证据。质量可能由于研究设计或实施的局限性(偏差的风险)、估计的不精确性(较大的置信区间)、不一致性(结果的可变性)、证据的间接性或发表偏差而被降级。如果考虑到所有可能的偏差会降低明显的治疗效果,或者在没有明显效果的情况下产生效果,那么质量可以根据非常大的效应、剂量-反应梯度进行评级。任何关键结果的最低质量代表证据的总体质量。
指导方针
术后血栓预防
数据来源: Tikkinen KA等,泌尿外科血栓和出血风险的观察性研究的系统综述:介绍和方法。Syst Rev 2014;3:150.这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)条款发布的开放获取文章,它允许在任何媒体上无限制地使用、分发和复制,前提是原始作品的署名得到适当认可。除另有说明外,知识共享公共领域奉献豁免(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)适用于本文提供的数据。
该小组在泌尿外科、普通外科、妇科和胃肠外科的背景下对VTE和出血危险因素进行了全面的文献检索[1]。基于报告最相关和高质量证据的研究,建立了VTE风险模型(19-27)(表1)。然而,这个模型没有被验证和临床医生可能会考虑其他因素,包括外科手术的长度、口服避孕药、静止、脊髓损伤和遗传血液疾病(如antiphospholipid抗体综合症、凝血因子V突变、抗凝血酶、蛋白C或S缺陷)。专家小组的研究没有显示出有说服力的和可复制的出血危险因素的研究[1];因此,出血风险没有按患者具体因素分级。
鉴于本指南只关注更严重的出血——那些需要再次手术的出血——更注重预防出血是适当的。对于每个手术(以及每个患者的危险因素层次),计算使用药物血栓预防的净效益(减少静脉血栓栓塞的益处 - 出血的危害)。在考虑了证据的净效益和质量后,对表2中提出的阈值进行了确认。
*净收益等于VTE风险的绝对减少减去出血风险的绝对增加(大出血的权重是VTE的两倍)。当减少静脉血栓栓塞的价值大于增加出血时,净效益为正。
这些阈值反映了现有证据有限的价值和偏好考虑[29]。最近一项跨国研究发现,有静脉血栓栓塞病史的妇女愿意接受在妊娠期或产后使用肝素预防静脉血栓栓塞的净受益中值为千分之三十[30]。在该研究中,预防措施的使用贯穿整个怀孕期间,并在产后期间继续进行。由于术后预防的持续时间要短得多,因此负担也更轻,因此,当净效益为千分之十或更多时,我们强烈推荐的阈值与这一证据是一致的。由于机械预防的使用时间通常比药理学预防小组建议的时间短,因此使用了较低的机械预防阈值[31]。
提出血栓预防的建议需要权衡VTE的减少和出血的增加,从而对这两种事件进行相对评估。严重出血(定义为需要再次手术或干预的出血)被认为是VTE(定义为症状性DVT或PE)事件的两倍权重。对于对这种相对价值判断有不同看法的患者,专家小组的建议可能不是最佳的。
与分级指南相一致,每一个好的实践指南都出自于有说服力的证据,尽管有时这些证据是间接的、未经过系统性总结的。早期下床活动和术后并发症的减少,尤其是静脉血栓栓塞的减少和早期出院之间的关系是令人信服的。此外,早期步行没有严重的不良后果。因此,专家小组认为,所有患者术后应当早期下床活动。
*剂量不适用于肾损害
†磺达肝嘌呤和直接作用口服抗凝剂在泌尿学中还没有得到充分的研究,不能保证在术后血栓预防的标签上使用。
未 完 待 续
参考文献(向上滑动阅览)
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毕业于吉林大学白求恩医学部临床医学系(原白求恩医科大学),现就职于长春中医药大学附属医院泌尿外科,职称主治医师。
编译:宋轶(长春中医药大学附属医院)
编辑:榭小仙
审核:李升
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