P
语言重复症
palilalia continuous repetition of sounds and words
惊恐发作
panic attacks short, intense periods during which an individual experiences physiological and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, characterized by intense fear and discomfort
惊恐障碍
panic disorder disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
性欲倒错障碍
paraphilic disorder disorder characterized by atypical sexual activity that involves one of the following: (1) nonhuman objects, (2) nonconsenting adults, (3) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner, or (4) children
患者权利运动
patients’ rights movement movement to ensure that mental patients retain their basic rights and to remove them from institutions and care for them in the community
恋童障碍
pedophilic disorder disorder characterized by adult obtainment of sexual gratification by engaging in sexual activities with young children
表现焦虑
performance anxiety anxiety over sexual performance that interferes with sexual functioning
被害妄想
persecutory delusions false, persistent beliefs that one is being pursued by other people
personality patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior that tend to be enduring
人格障碍
personality disorder chronic pattern of maladaptive cognition, emotion, and behavior that begins by adolescence or early adulthood and continues into later adulthood
人格量表
personality inventories questionnaires that assess people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving; used to obtain information about people’s well-being, self-concept, attitudes, and beliefs
人格特质
personality trait a facet of personality on which people differ from one another
广泛性发育障碍
pervasive developmental disorders disorders characterized by severe and persisting impairment in several areas of development
苯环利定
phencyclidine (PCP) substance that produces euphoria, slowed reaction times, and involuntary movements at low doses; disorganized thinking, feelings of unreality, and hostility at intermediate doses; and amnesia, analgesia, respiratory problems, and changes in body temperature at high doses
吩噻嗪
phenothiazines drugs that reduce the functional level of dopamine in the brain and tend to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia
垂体
pituitary major endocrine gland that lies partly on the outgrowth of the brain and just below the hypothalamus; produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretions of other endocrine glands
安慰剂控制组
placebo control group in a therapy outcome study, group of people whose treatment is an inactive substance (to compare with the effects of a drug) or a nontheory-based therapy providing social support (to compare with the effects of psychotherapy)
斑块
plaques deposits of amyloid protein that accumulate in the extracellular spaces of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and other forebrain structures in people with Alzheimer’s disease
平台期
plateau phase in the sexual response cycle, period between arousal and orgasm, during which excitement remains high but stable
多基因
polygenic combination of many genes, each of which makes a small contribution to an inherited trait
阳性症状
positive symptoms in schizophrenia, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization in thought and behavior
正电子发射断层扫描
positron-emission tomography (PET) method of localizing and measuring brain activity by detecting photons that result from the metabolization of an injected isotope
创伤后应激障碍
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) anxiety disorder characterized by (1) repeated mental images of experiencing a traumatic event, (2) emotional numbing and detachment, and (3) hypervigilance and chronic arousal
前意识
preconscious according to Freud, area of the psyche that contains material from the unconscious before it reaches the conscious mind
经前期烦躁障碍
premenstrual dysphoric disorder a set of symptoms occurring immediately prior to onset of menses characterized by a mixture of depression, anxiety and tension, and irritability and anger; may occur in mood swings during the week before onset of menses and subside once menses has begun
有准备的经典条件作用
prepared classical conditioning theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in ancient times
患病率
prevalence proportion of the population who have a specific disorder at a given point or period in time
一级预防
primary prevention prevention of the development of psychological disorders before they start
前驱症状
prodromal symptoms in schizophrenia, milder symptoms prior to an acute phase of the disorder, during which behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not yet psychotic or completely disorganized
投射测验
projective test presentation of an ambiguous stimulus, such as an inkblot, to a client, who then projects unconscious motives and issues onto the stimulus in his or her interpretation of its content
精神时疫
psychic epidemics phenomena in which large numbers of people begin to engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin
psychoanalysis form of treatment for psychopathology involving alleviating unconscious conflicts driving psychological symptoms by helping people gain insight into their conflicts and finding ways of resolving these conflicts
心理动力学理论
psychodynamic theories theories developed by Freud’s followers but usually differing somewhat from Freud’s original theories
心理动力学治疗
psychodynamic therapies therapies focused on uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts that drive psychological symptoms
心因性遗忘症
psychogenic amnesia loss of memory in the absence of any brain injury or disease and thought to have psychological causes
心理学取向
psychological approach approach to abnormality that focuses on personality, behavior, and ways of thinking as possible causes of abnormality
心理学理论
psychological theories theories that view mental disorders as caused by psychological processes, such as beliefs, thinking styles, and coping styles
心理病理学
psychopathology symptoms that cause mental, emotional, and/or physical pain
精神变态
psychopathy set of broad personality traits including superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, a tendency toward boredom and need for stimulation, pathological lying, an ability to be cunning and manipulative, and a lack of remorse
心理生理测试
psychophysiological tests tests in which instruments are attached to the periphery of the body to record changes due to activity in the nervous system
性心理发展阶段
psychosexual stages according to Freud, stages in the developmental process children pass through; in each stage, sex drives are focused on the stimulation of certain areas of the body, and particular psychological issues can arouse anxiety
精神病状态
psychosis state involving a loss of contact with reality as well as an inability to differentiate between reality and one’s subjective state
精神外科手术
psychosurgery rare treatment for mental disorders in which a neurosurgeon attempts to destroy small areas of the brain thought to be involved in a patient’s symptoms
精神质
psychoticism proneness to psychotic-like symptoms, such as illusions
伴明显解离（人格解体或现实解体）症状的创伤后应激障碍
PTSD with prominent dissociative (depersonalization/derealization) symptoms a form of post-traumatic stress disorder in which the individual experiences feelings of being detached from his or her mental processes or body and of the unreality of the surroundings
R
随机分配
random assignment assignment of participants in an experiment to groups based on a random process
快速环性双相障碍
rapid cycling bipolar disorder diagnosis given when a person has four or more cycles of mania and depression within 1 year
快速眼动睡眠行为障碍
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder frequent and impairing behaviors such as sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and confusional episodes during REM sleep
受体
receptors molecules on the membranes of neurons to which neurotransmitters bind
反映
reflection method of responding in which a therapist expresses his or her attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate
形成式习得性无助理论
reformulated learned helplessness theory view that people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely than other people to experience learned helplessness deficits following such events and thus are predisposed to depression
拒绝敏感性
rejection sensitivity tendency to be hypervigilant and overreactive to signs of rejection from others
复发预防计划
relapse prevention programs treatments that seek to offset continued alcohol use by identifying high-risk situations for those attempting to stop or cut down on drinking and teaching them either to avoid those situations or to use assertiveness skills when in them, while viewing setbacks as temporary
信度
reliability degree of consistency in a measurement—that is, the extent to which it yields accurate measurements of a phenomenon across several trials, across different populations, and in different forms
关系精神分析
relational psychoanalysis a subfield of psychoanalysis that emphasizes internalized relationships with other people based on the influences of early formative relationships with parents and other attachment figures
重复经颅磁刺激
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) biological treatment that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures in order to stimulate those structures
压抑
repression defense mechanism in which the ego pushes anxiety-provoking material back into the unconscious
残留型精神分裂症
residual schizophrenia diagnosis made when a person has already experienced a single acute phase of schizophrenia but currently has milder and less debilitating symptoms
阻抗
resistance in psychodynamic therapy, when a client finds it difficult or impossible to address certain material; the client’s resistance signals an unconscious conflict, which the therapist then tries to interpret
消退期
resolution in the sexual response cycle, state of deep relaxation following orgasm in which a man loses his erection and a woman’s orgasmic platform subsides
不安腿综合征
restless legs syndrome (RLS) creeping, crawling, tingling, itching sensations in the legs that are prominent enough to interfere with sleep
情感受限
restricted affect a symptom in which emotional expression is reduced or absent
限制型神经性厌食症
restricting type of anorexia nervosa type of anorexia nervosa in which weight gain is prevented by refusal to eat
逆行性遗忘
retrograde amnesia deficit in the ability to recall previously learned information or past events
再摄取
reuptake process in which a sending neuron reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, decreasing the amount left in the synapse
拒绝治疗的权利
right to refuse treatment right, not recognized by all states, of involuntarily committed people to refuse drugs or other treatment
接受治疗的权利
right to treatment fundamental right of involuntarily committed people to receive active treatment for their disorders rather than shelter alone
高危因素
risk factors conditions or variables associated with a higher risk of having a disorder
思维反刍
rumination focusing on one’s personal concerns and feelings of distress repetitively and passively
S
施虐受虐症
sadomasochism pattern of sexual rituals between a sexually sadistic “giver” and a sexually masochistic “receiver”
样本
sample group of people taken from a population of interest to participate in a study
分裂情感性障碍
schizoaffective disorder disorder in which individuals simultaneously experience schizophrenic symptoms (i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and/or negative symptoms) and mood symptoms meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or an episode of mixed mania/depression
精神分裂症
schizophrenia disorder consisting of unreal or disorganized thoughts and perceptions as well as verbal, cognitive, and behavioral deficits
精神分裂症谱系
schizophrenia spectrum the set of psychiatric disorders related to schizophrenia that vary along a severity continuum
精神分裂症样障碍
schizophreniform disorder disorder in which individuals meet the primary criteria for schizophrenia but show symptoms lasting only 1 to 6 months
分裂型人格障碍
schizotypal personality disorder chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behavior as well as aberrant cognitions and disorganized speech
科学方法
scientific method systematic method of obtaining and evaluating information relevant to a problem
季节性情感障碍
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) disorder identified by a 2-year period in which a person experiences major depression during winter months and then recovers fully during the summer; some people with this disorder also experience mild mania during summer months
二级预防
secondary prevention detection of psychological disorders in their earliest stages and treatment designed to reduce their development
选择性5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂
selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) drugs that affect both the serotonin system and the norepinephrine system and are used to treat anxiety and depression
选择性5–羟色胺再摄取抑制剂
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) class of antidepressant drugs
自我实现
self-actualization fulfillment of one’s potential for love, creativity, and meaning
自我效能感信念
self-efficacy beliefs beliefs that one can engage in the behaviors necessary to overcome a situation
自我监控
self-monitoring method of assessment in which a client records the number of times per day that he or she engages in a specific behavior and the conditions surrounding the behavior
self psychology a form of psychoanalytic theory and therapy developed by Heinz Kohut in which psychopathology is viewed as being the result of disrupted or unmet developmental needs
感官聚焦疗法
sensate focus therapy treatment for sexual dysfunction in which partners alternate between giving and receiving stimulation in a relaxed, openly communicative atmosphere in order to reduce performance anxiety and concern over achieving orgasm by learning each partner’s sexual fulfillment needs
分离焦虑障碍
separation anxiety disorder syndrome of childhood and adolescence marked by the presence of abnormal fear or worry over becoming separated from one’s caregiver(s) as well as clinging behaviors in the presence of the caregiver(s)
5-羟色胺
serotonin neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and impulsive responses
性欲
sexual desire in the sexual response cycle, an urge or inclination to engage in sexual activity
性功能失调
sexual dysfunctions problems in experiencing sexual arousal or carrying through with sexual acts to the point of sexual arousal
性功能
sexual functioning the ability and capacity to engage in sexual behavior
性受虐障碍
sexual masochism disorder disorder characterized by obtaining sexual gratification through experiencing pain and humiliation at the hands of one’s partner
性施虐障碍
sexual sadism disorder disorder characterized by obtaining sexual gratification through inflicting pain and humiliation on one’s partner
单被试实验设计
single-case experimental design experimental design in which an individual or a small number of individuals are studied intensively; the individual is put through some sort of manipulation or intervention, and his or her behavior is examined before and after this manipulation to determine the effects
单光子发射计算机断层扫描
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) procedure to assess brain functioning in which a tracer substance is injected into the bloodstream and then travels to the brain, where it can indicate the activity level of specific areas of the brain when viewed through a SPECT scanner
情境型恐怖症
situational type phobias extreme fears of situations such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying, driving, or enclosed spaces
皮肤搔抓障碍
skin-picking disorder a disorder characterized by recurrent picking at scabs or places on the skin, creating significant lesions that often become infected and cause scars
睡眠相关的通气不足
sleep-related hypoventilation episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels
睡眠障碍
sleep disorders disturbances in sleeping or staying awake, such as insomnia and narcolepsy
睡惊障碍
sleep terrors disorder of arousal in which the individual screams, sweats, and has a racing heart during NREM sleep; the person cannot be easily wakened and usually does not remember the episode on awakening
睡行障碍
sleepwalking disorder of arousal characterized by repeated episodes of walking during NREM sleep
社交焦虑障碍
social anxiety disorder an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences intense fear of public humiliation or rejection and therefore tends to avoid social situations
社交交流障碍
social communication disorder a communication disorder characterized by difficulty using language and other modalities for communicating in social situations
社会流动
social drift explanation for the association between schizophrenia and low social status that says that because schizophrenia symptoms interfere with a person’s ability to complete an education and hold a job, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to their family of origin
社会文化取向
sociocultural approach approach to psychopathology focusing on the role of the environment, stress, and culture in producing psychopathology
躯体幻觉
somatic hallucinations unreal perceptions that something is happening inside one’s body—for example, that worms are eating one’s intestines
躯体症状障碍
somatic symptom disorder syndrome marked by health concerns that are excessive given actual physical health, that persist despite contrary evidence, and that interfere with daily
functioning
特定学习障碍
specific learning disorder disrupted or delayed development in a specific domain of cognition, such as reading
特定恐怖症
specific phobias extreme fears of specific objects or situations that cause an individual to routinely avoid those objects or situations
语音障碍
speech disorder a communication disorder characterized by difficulties in producing speech
挤捏技术
squeeze technique sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man’s partner stimulates him to an erection, and then when he signals that ejaculation is imminent, the partner applies a firm but gentle squeeze to his penis, either at the glans or at the base, for 3 or 4 seconds; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point
统计显著性
statistical significance likelihood that a study’s results have occurred only by chance
刻板运动障碍
stereotypic movement disorder a motor disorder characterized by repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior, such as hand waving or head banging
兴奋剂
stimulants drugs that activate the nervous system
“停-动”技术
stop-start technique sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man or his partner stimulates his penis until he is about to ejaculate; the man then relaxes and concentrates on the sensations in his body until his level of arousal declines; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point
应激接种疗法
stress-inoculation therapy a form of cognitive-behavior therapy that focuses on developing skills that allow the individual to cope with stress
中风
stroke sudden damage to the brain due to blockage of blood flow or hemorrhaging
结构式会谈
structured interview meeting between a clinician and a client or a client’s associate(s) in which the clinician asks questions that are standardized and are usually designed to determine whether a diagnosis is warranted
口吃
stuttering significant problem in speech fluency, often including frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables
物质
substance naturally occurring or synthetically produced product that alters perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors when ingested, smoked, or injected
物质滥用
substance abuse diagnosis given in the DSM-IV when a person’s recurrent substance use leads to significant harmful consequences, as manifested by a failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home; the use of substances in physically hazardous situations; legal problems; and continued use despite social and legal problems
物质依赖
substance dependence diagnosis given in the DSM-IV when a person’s substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress, as manifested by an inability to use the substance in moderation; a decline in social, occupational, or recreational activities; or the spending of large amounts of time obtaining substances or recovering from their effects
药物所致的性功能失调
substance-induced sexual dysfunction problems in sexual functioning caused by substance use
物质/药物所致的睡眠障碍
substance-induced sleep disorder sleep disturbance due to the use of substances, including prescription medications (e.g., medications that control hypertension or cardiac arrhythmias) and nonprescription substances (e.g., alcohol and caffeine)
物质中毒
substance intoxication experience of significantly maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system that develops during or shortly after use of the substance
物质使用障碍
substance use disorders disorders characterized by inability to use a substance in moderation and/or the intentional use of a substance to change one’s thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors, leading to impairment in work, academic, personal, or social endeavors
物质戒断
substance withdrawal experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use
suicide purposeful taking of one’s own life
自杀企图
suicide attempts behaviors engaged in with some intent to kill oneself
丛集性自杀
suicide cluster when two or more suicides or attempted suicides nonrandomly occur closely together in space or time
自杀传染
suicide contagion phenomenon in which the suicide of a well-known person is linked to the acceptance of suicide by people who closely identify with that person
自杀意念
suicide ideation thoughts about killing oneself
超我
superego part of the unconscious that consists of absolute moral standards internalized from one’s parents during childhood and from one’s culture
超自然理论
supernatural theories theories that see mental disorders as the result of supernatural forces, such as divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and/or personal sins; mental disorders then can be cured through religious rituals, exorcisms, confessions, and/or death
症状问卷
symptom questionnaire questionnaire that assesses what symptoms a person is experiencing
突触
synapse space between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron into which neurotransmitters are first released (also known as the synaptic gap)
综合征
syndrome set of symptoms that tend to occur together
系统脱敏疗法
systematic desensitization therapy type of behavior therapy that attempts to reduce client anxiety through relaxation techniques and progressive exposure to feared stimuli
T
触幻觉
tactile hallucinations unreal perceptions that something is happening to the outside of one’s body—for example, that bugs are crawling up one’s back
迟发性运动障碍
tardive dyskinesia neurological disorder marked by involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw, resulting from taking neuroleptic drugs
三级预防
tertiary prevention program focusing on people who already have a disease with the aim of preventing relapse and reducing the impact of the disease on the person’s quality of life
丘脑
thalamus structure of the brain that directs incoming information from sense receptors (such as vision and hearing) to the cerebrum
理论
theory set of assumptions about the likely causes of abnormality and appropriate treatments
治疗效果研究
therapy outcome studies experimental studies that assess the effects of an intervention designed to reduce psychopathology in an experimental group, while performing no intervention or a different type of intervention on another group
第三变量问题
third variable problem possibility that variables not measured in a study are the real cause of the relationship between the variables measured in the study
第三浪潮取向
third-wave approaches modern psychotherapeutic techniques that combine elements of the first- and second-wave approaches—behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy, respectively—with mindfulness meditation practices derived from Zen Buddhism to help people accept, understand, and better regulate their emotions
耐受性
tolerance condition of experiencing less and less effect from the same dose of a substance
抽动秽语综合征
Tourette’s disorder a motor disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics
transference in psychodynamic therapies, the client’s reaction to the therapist as if the therapist were an important person in his or her early development; the client’s feelings and beliefs about this other person are transferred onto the therapist
移情焦点疗法
transference-focused therapy a highly structured psychodynamic treatment for borderline personality disorder that uses the relationship between patient and therapist to help patients develop a more realistic and healthier understanding of their interpersonal relationships
易性症者
transsexuals people who experience chronic discomfort with their gender and genitals as well as a desire to be rid of their genitals and to live as a member of the opposite sex
异装障碍
transvestic disorder paraphilic disorder in which a heterosexual man dresses in women’s clothing as his primary means of becoming sexually aroused
创伤性脑损伤
traumatic brain injury injury to the brain resulting from traumatic force; often associated with loss of consciousness
环钻术
trephination procedure in which holes were drilled in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behavior, presumably to allow evil spirits to depart their bodies; performed in the Stone Age
三环类抗抑郁药
tricyclic antidepressants class of antidepressant drugs
双生子研究
twin studies studies of the heritability of a disorder by comparing concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
A型行为模式
Type A behavior pattern personality pattern characterized by time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness
U
无条件反应
unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning, response that naturally follows when a certain stimulus appears, such as a dog salivating when it smells food
无条件刺激
unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally elicits a reaction, as food elicits salivation in dogs
unconscious area of the psyche where memories, wishes, and needs are stored and where conflicts among the id, ego, and superego are played out
V
迷走神经刺激
vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) treatment in which the vagus nerve—the part of the autonomic nervous system that carries information from the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen to several areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and amygdala—is stimulated by a small electronic device much like a cardiac pacemaker, which is surgically implanted under a patient’s skin in the left chest wall
效度
validity degree of correspondence between a measurement and the phenomenon under study
变量
variable measurable factor or characteristic that can vary within an individual, between individuals, or both
血管性神经认知障碍
vascular neurocognitive disorder a form of dementia resulting from multiple strokes and/or ischemic events
视幻觉
visual hallucination visual perception of something that is not actually present
窥阴障碍
voyeuristic disorder disorder characterized by obtainment of sexual arousal by compulsively and secretly watching another person undressing, bathing, engaging in sex, or being naked
W
等候名单控制组
wait list control group in a therapy outcome study, group of people that functions as a control group while an experimental group receives an intervention and then receives the intervention itself after a waiting period
修通
working through method used in psychodynamic therapies in which the client repeatedly goes over and over painful memories and difficult issues as a way to understand and accept them
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