linux中ACL权限

1.ACL权限简介与开启

一.ACL权限是为了解决所有者/所属组/其他人三种身份不足的问题

二.查看分区ACL权限是否开启

dumpe2fs命令是查询指定分区详细文件系统信息的命令

dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda3

-h 仅显示超级块中信息,而不显示磁盘块组的详细信息

[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz ~]# df -hFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/vda1        40G   14G   25G  36% /devtmpfs        911M     0  911M   0% /devtmpfs           920M     0  920M   0% /dev/shmtmpfs           920M  548K  920M   1% /runtmpfs           920M     0  920M   0% /sys/fs/cgrouptmpfs           184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/0tmpfs           184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/1002[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz ~]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/vda1dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)Filesystem volume name:   <none>Last mounted on:          /Filesystem UUID:          eb448abb-3012-4d8d-bcde-94434d586a31Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isizeFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash Default mount options:    user_xattr aclFilesystem state:         cleanErrors behavior:          ContinueFilesystem OS type:       LinuxInode count:              2621440Block count:              10485248Reserved block count:     524262Free blocks:              8958387Free inodes:              2519237First block:              0Block size:               4096Fragment size:            4096Reserved GDT blocks:      1021Blocks per group:         32768Fragments per group:      32768Inodes per group:         8192Inode blocks per group:   512RAID stride:              32639Flex block group size:    16Filesystem created:       Sun Oct 15 23:18:59 2017Last mount time:          Tue Aug 14 10:15:43 2018Last write time:          Tue Aug 14 18:15:42 2018Mount count:              6Maximum mount count:      -1Last checked:             Wed Jun 27 22:35:57 2018Check interval:           0 (<none>)Lifetime writes:          30 GBReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)First inode:              11Inode size:               256Required extra isize:     28Desired extra isize:      28Journal inode:            8First orphan inode:       1050280Default directory hash:   half_md4Directory Hash Seed:      2579899c-6862-4625-a8e6-425550384200Journal backup:           inode blocksJournal features:         journal_incompat_revokeJournal size:             128MJournal length:           32768Journal sequence:         0x006beeeaJournal start:            22131

Default mount options: user_xattr acl显示支持acl

三.临时开启分区ACL权限

重新挂载根分区,并挂载加入acl权限

mount -o remount,acl /

四.永久开启分区ACL权限(一定要谨慎)

# 加入aclvim /etc/fstabUUID=eb448abb-3012-4d8d-bcde-94434d586a31 /                       ext4    defaults        1 1修改为UUID=eb448abb-3012-4d8d-bcde-94434d586a31 /                       ext4    defaults,acl        1 1# 重新挂载文件系统或重新启动系统,使修改生效mount -o remount /

2.查看和设定ACL权限

一.查看ACL命令

查看acl权限

getfacle 文件名

二.设定ACL权限的命令

setfacl 选项 文件名

选项	作用
-m	设定ACL权限
-x	删除指定的ACL权限
-b	删除所有的ACL全新啊
-d	设定默认ACL权限
-k	删除默认ACL权限
-R	递归设定ACL权限

三.给用户设定ACL权限和给组设定ACL权限

# 进入tmp目录[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz /]# cd /tmp# 创建project目录[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# mkdir project# 查看是否创建[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# lsAegis-<Guid(5A2C30A2-A87D-490A-9281-6765EDAD7CBA)>  eternityz  hsperfdata_root  issue.soft  Japan  mysql.sock  php-cgi.sock  project  systemd-private-9255c5ee9ec84f5987c1d9ba485e177e-ntpd.service-eKcnmD  test.txt# 添加用户zhangsan[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# useradd zhangsan# 添加用户lisi[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# useradd lisi# 添加组tgroup[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# groupadd tgroup# 将zhangsan添加到组tgroup中[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# gpasswd -a zhangsan tgroupAdding user zhangsan to group tgroup# 将lisi添加到组tgroup中[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# gpasswd -a lisi tgroupAdding user lisi to group tgroup# 查看组内的用户(最后一行)[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# cat /etc/grouproot:x:0:eternitybin:x:1:daemon:x:2:sys:x:3:adm:x:4:tty:x:5:disk:x:6:lp:x:7:mem:x:8:kmem:x:9:wheel:x:10:cdrom:x:11:mail:x:12:postfixman:x:15:dialout:x:18:floppy:x:19:games:x:20:tape:x:30:video:x:39:ftp:x:50:lock:x:54:audio:x:63:nobody:x:99:users:x:100:utmp:x:22:utempter:x:35:ssh_keys:x:999:input:x:998:systemd-journal:x:190:systemd-network:x:192:dbus:x:81:polkitd:x:997:postdrop:x:90:postfix:x:89:chrony:x:996:sshd:x:74:ntp:x:38:tcpdump:x:72:nscd:x:28:screen:x:84:mysql:x:1000:www:x:1001:rabbitmq:x:995:eternity:x:1002:eternityz:x:1003:slocate:x:21:saslauth:x:76:mailnull:x:47:smmsp:x:51:zhangsan:x:1004:lisi:x:1005:tgroup:x:1006:zhangsan,lisi# 将project目录的所属组更改为tgroup[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# chown root:tgroup project# 将project目录的权限更改为770[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# chmod 770 project# 查看更改权限的project目录[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# ll -d projectdrwxrwx--- 2 root tgroup 4096 Dec 10 17:00 project# 增加试听学员st[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# useradd st# 修改试听学员st的密码[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# passwd stChanging password for user st.New password: BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 charactersRetype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.# 给试听学员st设定ACL权限rx[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# setfacl -m u:st:rx project# 查看ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-x  #st用户拥有rx权限group::rwxmask::rwxother::---# 切换到st用户[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# su - st# 进入/tmp/project目录[st@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz ~]$ cd /tmp/project# 创建文件test.txt,提示没有权限[st@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz project]$ touch test.txttouch: cannot touch ‘test.txt’: Permission denied# 退出st用户[st@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz project]$ exitlogout# 增加组tgroup2[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# groupadd tgroup2# 给组tgroup2设定ACL权限rwx[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# setfacl -m g:tgroup2:rwx project# 查看ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-x # 用户st拥有ACL权限rxgroup::rwxgroup:tgroup2:rwx # 组tgroup2拥有ACL权限rwxmask::rwxother::---

有ACL权限和没ACL权限的文件夹

# 没有ACL权限的后面没有+号[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# ll -d projectdrwxrwx--- 2 root tgroup 4096 Dec 10 17:00 project[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# setfacl -m u:st:rx project# 有ACL权限的后面带着+号[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# ll -d projectdrwxrwx---+ 2 root tgroup 4096 Dec 10 17:00 project

3.最大有效权限和删除ACL权限

一.最大有效权限mask

[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-xgroup::rwxgroup:st:rwxgroup:tgroup2:rwxmask::rwxother::---

mask是用来指定最大有效权限的.如果我给用户赋予了ACL权限,是需要和mask的权限"相与"才能得到用户的真正权限

A	B	and
r	r	r
r	-	-
-	r	-
-	-	-

修改mask的值

setfacl -m m:rx project

# 更改mask的值[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# setfacl -m m:rx project# 查询ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-xgroup::rwx                      #effective:r-xgroup:st:rwx                    #effective:r-xgroup:tgroup2:rwx               #effective:r-xmask::r-xother::---    mask的值只影响具有ACL权限的,不影响用户的权限    用户st的权限为rx    组st的ACL权限是rwx,但是实际生效的只是rx权限    组tgroup2的ACL权限是rwx,但是实际生效的是rx权限

二.删除ACL权限

删除指定用户的ACL权限

setfacl -x u:用户名 文件/文件夹

删除指定用户组的ACL权限

setfacl -x g:组名 文件/文件夹

# 之前的有组tgroup2的ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-xgroup::rwx                      #effective:r-xgroup:st:rwx                    #effective:r-xgroup:tgroup2:rwx               #effective:r-xmask::r-xother::---# 移除组tgroup2的ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# setfacl -x g:tgroup2 project# 再次查询,tgroup2的ACL权限没有了[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-xgroup::rwxgroup:st:rwxmask::rwxother::---

删除文件或文件假的所有的ACL权限

sefacl -b 文件/文件夹

# 之前project目录的ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxuser:st:r-xgroup::rwxgroup:st:rwxmask::rwxother::---# 移除所有的ACL权限[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# setfacl -b project# 再次查询,ACL权限和mask都没有了[root@izm5e2q95pbpe1hh0kkwoiz tmp]# getfacl project# file: project# owner: root# group: tgroupuser::rwxgroup::rwxother::---

4.默认ACL权限和递归ACL权限

一.递归ACL权限

递归是父目录在设定ACL权限时,所有的子文件和子目录也会拥有相同的ACL权限

setfacl -m u:用户名:权限 -R 文件夹

# -R必须在后面,否则报错# 给文件夹及下面的所有文件及文件夹设置ACL权限,运行此命令后,新建的文件不具备ACL权限

二.默认ACL权限

默认ACL权限的作用是如果给父目录设定了默认ACL权限,那么父目录中所有新建的子文件都会继承父目录的ACL权限

setfacl -m d:u:用户名:权限 文件夹

# 运行上面的命令之后,以后此文件夹下新建文件或文件夹都具备ACL权限