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自主招生“汉译英”方法归纳

要将汉语句子翻译成英语,确定句子主干是首要步骤。首先要确定主语和谓语。时态也要同时确定,还要注意虚拟语气和情态动词。最后要把握并列、递进等关系。

1.主语的确定

    汉语句子在英译时主语是不太容易确定的,这是因为汉语是主题显著的语言,它突出的是主题而非主语,而且汉语主语在形式上也不明显。这就要求我们要善于识别主语,并在译文中妥善地体现出来。

汉语是"注重主题的语言"( topic-prominent language):只要和评述的东西在语义上有联系,即使没有直接的逻辑关系和语法搭配关系,任何内容、成分、词类都可以处在主语的位置上。而英语是"注重主语的语言"( subject-prominent language):主语在句中占有非常重要的地位。

(1)根据汉语句子的主谓关系,直接将汉语中的主语译成英语中的主语。例如:

①三十多年来我没再见过他。

I have not seen him for over thirty years.

②一个星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。

I had the most incredible experience a week ago.

③他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。

He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.

(2)根据英语的主谓表达习惯和搭配,确定英语中的主语。例如:

①昨天他们表演得很成功。

Their performance yesterday was very successful.

②你可能会问,此书从何而起?

What, you may ask, was the origin of this book?

③必须特别强调中国某些高级政府官员贪污腐化的严重性。

Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft among some high officials in China.

(3)然而主语的确定并非是绝对的,在许多情况下,同样一个汉语句子,由于侧重点的不同,其译文中

主语的选择可能有多种处理方法,具有一定的灵活性。例如:

①这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。

The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.

或The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.

②只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。

A microscope is needed to see red cells.

或Red cells can be seen only under the microscope.

③已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生。

Thousands of people have died in the civil war which broke out a year ago.

或The civil war, which had been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.

或The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.

(4)为了防止句子的单调,有时我们可以改换句子的主语。但是随意、无目的地更换主语,反而会干扰读者在阅读中的思路,所以要慎重。例如:

航行中,我们遇到了大风暴,虽然晚到了两天,但平安到达了目的地。到达后,很多朋友在码头迎接我。译文→: The ship reached her port in safety, but two days had elapsed beyond the time when her arrival had been expected as there had been violent storms, and the sea had been very rough, and a crowd of my friends met me at the dock.

分析:译文主语变换过多,不如改译成:

I arrived safely, though two days late, after a rough and stormy voyage, and was now welcomed at the dock by a crowd of friends.

2.谓语的确定

汉语中的谓语同主语相似,具有开放性。几乎各种词类和语言单位都可以充当汉语句子的谓语,但译成英语时,句子的谓语只能转化成系动词或实义动词。

(1)汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容词L介词短语等,译成英语的时候一般要在这些词前面加上系动词,如be, look, ·appear, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste等,否则译文句子就不能成立。例如:

①这个姑娘很俏。

This young girl is very pretty.

②从那之后,他疯了。

He became mad after that.

③她没多长时间就富了。

She grew rich within a short time.

④这种布手感很软。

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

⑤他的计划终于成功了。

His plan turned out a success.

(2)语句子中有时会连用几个谓时连动式谓语。这类句子在翻译的时候除可用时连接各动词外,通常还可以保留一个动词作谓语,而将其他的动词转化成分词、不定式和介词短语等。

①加and连接

他拿了件外套就去学校了。

He took an overcoat and went to school.

老赵把书接过来摆在膝盖上。

Lao Zhao took the book and laid it on his lap.

她奶奶放下杂志站了起来。

Her granny put down the magazine and stood up.

 ②动词十不定式(表目的)

他到班长那儿请了个假。

He went to the monitor to ask for a leave.

市政府采取许多措施招商。

The city government took many measures to invite investment.

让我的儿子去打点热水。

Let my son go to fetch some hot water.

③动词十介词短语或分词短语

婴儿面带微笑睡着。

The baby fell asleep with a smile on its face.

大部分教师通常骑自行车上班。

Most teachers often go to work by bike.

他靠着一棵树站着。

He stood leaning against a tree.

应当注意,一个句子信息重心确立得是否得当,直接关系到原文信息的均是否准确。

    无论是汉语还是英语,句子里所包含的信息必定有主次之分,只不过汉话句子中的信息主次关系多半

较为隐晦,而英语句子中则多半较为明显。例如:

①他们患得患失,生怕丢掉这些东西。

分析:看似并列,实则内含主次之分,后半句是主要信息,前半句表示原因。

译文:Swayed by consideration of loosened gain,they are most anxious to lose thee p

②附近没有旁人,我得自己干了。

分析:形式上并列,实际上前半句表示原因,后半句才是主要信息。

译文: There being nobody else at hand, I have to do it by myself.

 

   3.时态的确定

英语中的时态比较丰富,包括现在、过去、将来、进行、完成等时态,动词的词形变化比较多。而汉语的时态表达比较简单,有时借助于词汇来表达。如表示过去常用"着"、"了"、"过"、"已"等,表示将来用"会"、"就"、"将"、"要"、"马上"、"以后"等等,含有这些词汇的句子一般都可以译成英语中对应的时态。但是在多数情况下需要译者依据上下文来判断。

 

例如:

   (1)她曾经下决心好好学数学,可还是一再失败。她越失败就越失望。虽然她知道这门功课有用,但不明白为何每个中学生都要学数学。她常说假如中学不开数学课,那学生可就快乐多了。

译文: Once she made a resolution to study maths well, but she still kept on failing. The more she failed, the more disappointed she became. Though she knows maths is a useful subject, she doesn't know why everyone has to study it in high school. She often says if there were no maths in high school, the students would be much happier.

分析:原文中的动词时态在译文中得到正确的体现。

   (2)有人说自信心是成就伟大事业的基础。整个下午我一直在想这个问题,我想这是对的。我发现许多人不能认识到自己的潜力。这实在是件憾事。

译文: Selfconfidence, some said, is the foundation of doing great things. I have been thinking about this the whole afternoon. I guess it's true. I find that so many people fail to realize their potential. This is such a pity.

   (3)推翻帝国主义、封建主义、官镣资本主义的反动统治,使中国人民的生产力获得解放。

原译文: The overthrow of the reactionary rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism has shelled release the productive forces of the Chinese people.

分析:时态错误。推翻"三座大山"是解放初期的事情,已经完成,对现在没有影响,译文中却用了现在完成时,这是不妥的。应改为过去时。

修改译文: The overthrow of the reactionary rule of imperialism,feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism helped release the productive forces of the Chinese people.

   4.虚拟语气和情态动词

在汉语中有时可以用词汇手段来表示虚拟语气,如"本应该"、"若非"、"要是"、"假如"等。但在有些情况下,汉语句子中没有使用这些词汇,也可表示一定的虚拟语气,这就要求译者对原文的分析要深入、要透彻。

(1)谁要改变三中全会以来的路线、方针、政策,老百姓就不答应,谁就会被打倒。

 

   译文    一:Anyone who attempts to change the line, principles and policies adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee will not be countenanced by the men in the street, and will be toppled.

  译文 二: Anyone who attempted to change the line, principles and policies adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee would not be countenanced by the men in the street. and would be toppled.

分析:对比两种译文,译文一译成了一般现在时和一般将来时,从某种程度上讲似乎增大了"改变路线……"的可能性,看来不宜采用这种译法;而译文二则运用虚拟语气,只是一种假设,避免了"改变"的可能性,故译文二比译文一更恰当一些。

关于情态动词,其难点主要在于英语情态动词的深层含义和语气的强弱问题,再者就是对原文情态的正确理解问题。情态的体现,首先是对原文的理解问题,其次是英语的运用问题。需要将这两个方面结合起来,而不是单方面解决。

 

(2)要确保这种发展速度,就不能只在对日常事务的处理中打圈子。

原译文:If we are to ensure such growth. we can not confine ourselves to handling routine affairs.

分析:原文can not除了表示"不能够"之意以外,还有另外一层含义"没有能力",故用在此处不太合适。

如果用must not就明显强于原文的语气。如果用should not更恰当一些,既弱化了语气,义保留了原意。

修改译文:If we are to ensure such growth. we should not confine ourselves to handling routine affairs.

还应注意,汉语复句的类型繁多,句内关系比较复杂。从类型上看,汉语的并列复句可以表示并列关系、递进关系、选择关系。主从复合句可以表示目的关系、假设关系、转折关系、条件关系、因果关系等。鉴于汉语复合逻辑关系的复杂性,再加上从句连词用得不多,逻辑关系不明显,在翻译成英语的时候,要特别注重这些逻辑关系。以下具体说明一下。

1.并列关系

汉语中的并列和对照都属于并列关系,也就是说各分句之间在意义上是并列的。在译成英语的时候,汉语的并列关系通常用英语中的连词and,但如果是否定的并列关系,通常用neither. .. nor, either. .. or等表示。

(1)天元二日,土无二王

Heaven cannot support two suns, nor earth two masters.

(2)不是他没有讲清楚,就是我没昕明白。

Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well.

2.递进关系

递进关系表示后面的部分比前面的部分在意义和范围上更进一步。汉语中表示递进关系常用的关联词有"不仅……而且……"、"……还……"、"……"而且……"等,体现在英语当中通常使用not only. .. but also,... as well as . ..或... as well来表示。

(1)树林能为野生动物提供栖息之所,野生动物也能使树木茂盛起来。

Not only can a forest provide a home for wildlife, but also wildlife can in turn make the trees and plants flourish.

(2)他既是个科学家,也是个小提琴家。

 

He is a scientist, and a violinist as well.

(3)在太阳系中,不但行星,而且太阳本身也在不断地运动。

In the solar system the sun itself as well as the planents is in constant motion.

3.选择关系

选择关系就是将两个或多个选项并列,让人选择其中一项;或者先行比较,然后再选取其中一项。汉语中表示选择关系的关联词通常有"……或者……"、"不是……而是……"、"宁可……也不……"、"与其……不如……"等;英语常用时, either. .. or, would rather. .. than, better... than...等来表示。

(1)他们宁愿待在家里也不愿意去观光。

They would rather stay at home than go sightseeing.

(2)外商投资企业经企业申请,税务部门批准,可减免或免征工商统一税。

A foreign investment enterprise may apply to tax authorities and may enjoy, if the application is approved, reduction or exemption of the consolidation industrial and commercial tax.

(3)简单地说,市政府计划强化这一地区的城市功能,弱化居住功能,把这里建成一个现代化大都会。

In short, the district is going to be built into a modern, metropolitan downtown focused on urban functions rather than residence.

4.目的关系

表示目的关系的汉语关联词有"有利于"、"为了"、"以便"、"省得气"以免"等;英语用于这一关系的连词或短语有in order (not) to, in order that,so that, to the end that, so as (not) to, with the aim of, in case, lest等。

(1)要做好防汛工作,以免临时措手不及。

We must do a good job of flood prevention so as not to be caught unprepared.

(2)卫星必须加速,以便在它开始绕地球运行时可以获得足够快的速度来抵消地球的引力。

A satellite must accelerate so that when it starts going around the earth it may go fast enough to balance the force of gravity.

5.假设关系

假设关系的汉语复合句可以分成两种情况,一是")1民承",关联词通常有"如果"、"假如"、"倘若"、"要是"等;二是"逆接",关联词通常有"即使"、"纵使"、"就算"、"哪怕"等。在英语中用if或even if等来体现假设关系,有时还伴有虚拟语气。

(1)倘若客人不来怎么办?

What shall we do if the guests fail to turn up?

(2)他清晨坚持锻炼,纵使天寒地冻,也不间断。

Persisting in early morning exercise, he went on even in freezing weather.

(3)假若哥伦布没有发现美洲大陆,别人也会发现。

Even if Columbus had not discovered the continent of America,somebody else might have discovered it.

6.转折让步关系

汉语中的转折让步关系通常表现为"虽然·…、但是……"、"尽管·…、"可是"等,单纯的转折关系常用"但

是"、"而"、"不过"等。英语中通常用but, although, even if, as, despite等表示汉语的转折让步关系。

(1)虽说他英语不怎么好,但也还能叫人昕懂。

Though he does not speak English well, he still can make himself understood.

(2)虽然不少人都劝过她,但她还是不同意跟他和解。

She still refuses to make it up with him despite exhortations from many people.

(3)随你怎么说,我就是不同意。

You may say as you like, butI'll never agree.

(4)实验失败了,不过他并不灰心。

The experiment failed, but he didn't lose heart

7.条件关系

汉语中的条件关系分为两种,一种是特定条件关系,如"只要…...就"、"只有……才"、"除非……才"、"越……越"等,体现在英语中常用only. .. if, if only, unless, as/so long as, the more. .. the more. ..等;另一种是元条件关系,如"无论……都"、"不管"、"任凭"、"无论"等,体现在英语中常用no matter,whatever, however, wherever, whenever, whoever或者in any case, at any rate等。

(1)只要肯下功夫,任何人都能学会。

Anyone can learn as long as he makes an effort.

(2)除非接到命令,否则他决不撤退。

He would not retreat unless he received orders to do so.

(3)不管困难有多大,我们都要完成任务。

Whatever the difficulties are, we'll have to fulfill the task.

(4)无论如何,这个问题要马上考虑。

At any rate, the problem calls for immediate consideration.

8.因果关系

汉语中表示因果关系的成对关联词有"因为……所以"、"由于……因而"等,单独表示结果的有"因此"、"所以"、"因而"、"致使"、"以致"等。在英语中,表天因果关系的词语不能成对地使用,而只能单独使用。表示原因的有since, for, as, because, due to等,表示结果的有so, therefore, hence, so . .. that, such...that, thus, as a result等。

(1)昨天没有来看你,是因为我有急事要办。

I didn't come to see you yesterday because I had some urgent matters to attend to.

(2)由于我过分激动,以致把要讲的话丢掉了一大半。

I was so excited that I forgot more than half of what I intended to say.

(3)因天气不好,航班启程耽搁了。

The departure of the flight has been delayed due to the bad weather.

(4)既然这样不行,我们就试试别的方式吧。

Since this doesn't work, let's try another way.

【真题解析】

例1 (2010年北京大学等三校联考)

能源危机对全球经济有消极作用,导致经济衰退。(impact)

[要点解析]

句子的主语是能源危机,后半句的主语同样也是能源危机,因此可以用非限制性定语从句将后半句与前半句合成一句。(1)能源危机翻译成energy crisis 0 ( 2)"对……有作用"可翻译成have an impact/influence on,"消极的"翻译成negative 0 (3)"经济衰退"翻译成economic recession.

【答案】 Energy crisis has a negative impact on global economy, which would lead to economic

recession.

[能力拓展]

"经济"作为名词应为economy,例如: national economy国家经济。

"经济的,经济方面的"作为形容词应为economic, 如: economic development经济发展。

例2 (2010年北京大学等三校联考,改编)

Almost half of Britons do not believe human behaviour is the main cause of global warming, a new poll showed Sunday, a day before world leaders begin crunch climate talks inCopenhagen.

[结构分析]

这个句子结构有些复杂,句子套句子,一层又一层,需要仔细辨别句子成分。为了使这个句子更有所谓的新闻昧,结构安排更紧密,作者将句子的时间状语成分Sunday置于句子中间,后面紧跟定语从句,省略了which is,补充说明周日是个什么特殊的日子。我们不能被句首的人称名词所迷惑,仔细分析应该得知整个句子的主语是a new poll,谓语是showed,第一个小分句是它的宾语从句。因此最终我们分析得出:第一分句是整个句子的宾语,中间的第二分句是主语、谓语和时间状语,最后的分句是进一步补充说明周日的。

[要点分析]

结构分析后要合理地安排翻译顺序,使之更符合汉语的表达习惯。汉语中我的一般按照主谓宾的顺序,若有时间状语一般习惯置于句子前面。另外,第一个分句中do not believe是一个否定转移现象,翻译的时候可以将否定词转移到believe的宾语从句的谓语上。poll意为"民意调查"。

[参若译文]

就在各国领导人在哥本哈根开始气候讨论的前一天即上周日,公布了一项最新民意调查,结果显示:近一半的英国人认为人类行为并非导致全球变暖的主要原因。

例3 (2010年清华大学等五校联考样题)

有人说成功取决于性格,但我认为什么性格都可能成功,关键是要分析自己的实际,做自己喜欢并擅长的事。这样,你才会坚持,不畏艰难,不轻易改变方向。这时成功离你就不远了。

[要点解析]

    汉语原文句子较长,若不加切分地进行直译就会导致句子过长,最后分不清句子成分。因为汉语是"注重主题的语言"只要和评述的东西在语义上有联系,即使没有直接的逻辑关系和语法搭配关系,任何内

容、成分、词类都可以处在主语的位置上。而英语是..注重主语的语言"主语在句中占有非常重要的地位。因此建议大家汉译英时适当地将句子拆分成小单位的句子,使主语突出。

[参考译文]

Some people say that one's success is determined by his personality, but I believe that one can succeed regardless of his personality. The key to success is to know yourself we11.Do what you like and what you are good at. Only in that way will you hold on without thinking of difficulties or changing the direction easily. Then, success will not be far away from you.

例4 (2009年清华大学)将杜甫的《旅夜书怀》翻译成英文。

细苹微风岸,危椿独夜舟。

星垂平野阂,月涌大江流。

名岂文章著,官应老病休。

飘飘何所似,天地一沙鸥。

[解析]

遇到这种古诗文的翻译,同学们不要紧张,首先要有自信。不妨先运用自己的语文知识将诗句转化成我们的日常用语,然后再进行翻译,译稿可以只注重内容的对应。

A NIGHT ABROAD

Du Fu

                       A light wind is rippling at the grassy shore.

Through the night, to my motionless tall mast.

                       he stars lean down from the open space,

                       And the moon comes running up the river.

                       ...If only my art might bring me fame,

                       And free my sick old age from office!

                       Flitting, flitting, what am I like?

                       But a sand-snipe in the wide, wide world!

 出自《中国名牌大学自主招生解析》

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