短文改错四大错误类型总结

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一、动词

①时态错误（过去时/现在时）

eg: 

1.Some people even had to wait outside.

解析：had 改为have。

2.I think I would be happy there.

解析：think改为thought。

②语态错误（主动/被动）

注意：先翻译句子，后观察该词在句中是主动/被动。

eg: Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.

每天，他都要确保新鲜蔬菜或高质量的油用于烹饪。

解析：using → used，根据句意此处表示被动含义，be used for“被用来去做”。

③主谓不一致

（1）前文所提的主语与后文所述的谓语不一致

eg: 

1.The teacher were angry because we had the same answers in the tests.

解析：were → was，The teacher是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式。

2.The rest of the trees was cut down.

解析：was → were，rest指的是可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。

（2）集体名词，谓语动词用复数。如：people, cattle, group, family, government, team, police等。

eg: 

The police is coming this way.    

解析：is → are，The police是集体名词，故is → are。

（3）就近原则

常见：neither...nor... / not only...but... / either...or... / not...but...

eg: 

1.Not only his parents but also he are crazy about the foreign films.    

解析：are → is，该处谓语最近的主语为he是第三人称单数，故动词用第三人称单数形式。

2.Because of too much homework,neither you nor James go to the cinema to enjoy the fantastic movie named Ready Player One.

解析：go → goes，该处谓语最近的主语为James是第三人称单数，故谓语用第三人称单数形式。

（4）There be句型

eg: There has a big library in our school.   

解析：has → is，某地有某物，表存在用there be句型，且后面跟的是a big library单数。

（5）就远原则

常见：except / with / together with / along with / as well as / including

eg: I as well as he is happy.   

解析：is → am，该处谓语最远的主语为I是第一人称，故谓语动词用第一人称am。

（6）缺少谓语动词（尤其缺be动词）

eg:

1.Secondly, I always practice pronunciation and reading and speaking.

解析：Practice → practise，practice的词性是名词,该句中没有与主语I相适应的谓语动词形式故把practice → practise（practise的词性是动词）则是在句中添加了一个谓语动词。

2.She very beautiful.  

解析：在She后加is，补齐主谓宾。

④非谓语错用

（1）谓语动词与非谓语动词区分不清

eg: There are thousands of examples tell us：if we want to succeed,we need a correct direction.

解析：tell → telling，there be 句型表示存在，是一个完整的句型结构，be动词就是谓语动词，所以句中若出现了其他动词，可以采用非谓语动词形式，因此动词tell不能直接使用原形，而且由于examples 和tell之间是主谓关系，所以要用tell的现在分词形式。

（2）V-ing和V-ed混用

eg: We were exciting to hear the news.

解析：exciting →excited，exciting修饰物，而excited修饰人。

（3）to的多用、少用或误用

eg: 

1.When I finally arrived at my friend’s he lent to me lots of clothes.

解析：删除to，由lend sb. sth.（借给某人某物）可知，不用to，但如果将sth.放到前面，则用to。

2.This thing belongs me.  

解析：在belongs后加to，表示属于。

3.He was tall,with board shoulders and a beard that turned form black towards gray over the years.  

解析：towards → to，form ...towards...“从...走向...”，form...to...“从...到...”，根据句意towards → to。

⑤虚拟语气误用

eg:Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.

解析：去掉had，句意：他和我妈妈会喝些东西。这里不是虚拟语气，不能用would have done，用would do表示“过去常常做”。

二、名词

①缺主/宾语，补名词/代词

eg: I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused.But she refused.

解析：在caused后加her，缺少宾语。

②that/those（表示跟上文同类事物比较）

eg: My books are more difficult than of Jerry’s.

解析：在than后加those，缺少代词，代指books。

③反身代词

eg: Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it them.解析：them → themselves，主语是他们，宾语也是他们，宾语的他们用themselves。

④名词前加限定词（冠词，形容词性物主代词，指示代词）

如：a / an / the / my / your / his / her / their / this / that / there / these

eg: 

1.An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea between France and England in the balloon in 1784.

解析：the → a，此处指乘坐一个气球横过海洋，第一次提到用a。

2.I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused hers.But she refused.解析：hers → her，此处为宾语，后无名词，故选用形容词性物主代词。

⑤单复数形式

常见不可数名词：advice / information / fun / equipment / news / furniture / baggage / luggage / traffic / knowledge / homework / progress / work / paper / food / change / water / joy / hair

常见单复数同形名词：sheep / fish / Chinese / cattle / bison / deer / people / clothes

eg: As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams.    

解析：chance → chances，many后用复数。

三、形容词/副词

①修饰名词或作表语，用形容词。

eg:It was both excited and frightening to be up there！

解析：excited → exciting，主语是形式主语it，真正的主语是to be up there，主语是物的时候，表语应该用现在分词形式的形容词。

②提示词是形容词，常变副词。

eg:

1.He must be mental disabled.    

解析：mental → mentally

2.When I was a very young children,my father created a regular practice I remember well years late.   

解析：late → later

③比较级/最高级

eg:

1.As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams.    

解析：high → higher，翻译为更高的位置。

2.They were also the best and worse years in my life .   

解析：worse → worst，并列结构。

四、句子结构题

①介词+名词

eg:The only reason a man would sell salt a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.     

解析：在salt 后加at。

②it作形式主语

It + is +adj. +...（that从句/ to do）  这件事儿是什么样子的（什么事儿呢）.....

eg:It took years of work reduce the industrial pollution and clean the water. 

解析：在work 后加to。

③it作形式宾语

Sb think / find / believe it + adj. +（that从句/ to do）

某人认为/发现/相信这件事是什么样子的，什么事儿呢？.....

eg:I think good to have a balance of viewpoints.    

解析：在think后加it。

④并列结构

eg:We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.    

解析：take → taking

⑤并列逻辑

并列连词有and / or / so / but / however

eg:But the river wasn’t changed in a few days and even a few months.    

解析：and → or

注意：because和so/although或though和but不能连用。

⑥固定搭配

  

⑦三大从句（定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句）

（1）定语从句

定语从句关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语时，用关系代词that / which / who / whose ; 定语从句成分完整，就用关系副词 when / where / why，介词后面用 which / whom。

※引导词只能用that

1.先行词为不定代词。

  some    （something    /  somebody   /  someone ）

  any      （anything     /  anybody    /  anyone ）

  no       （nothing     /  nobody     /  no one ）

  every    （everything   /  everybody   /  everyone ）

2.先行词指物和人时。

3.先行词前有形容词最高级，序数词修饰时。

4.先行词被all/little/few/none/much/no/the only/the very/the last修饰时。

5.在以which/who为疑问词的特殊疑问句中。

（2）名词性从句

名词性从句又分为主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句等。名词性从句的连词分为连接词that / whether / if ；连接代词 who / whoever / whom / whomever / what / whatever / which等；连接副词 where / wherever / when / whenever / how / however / why 等，从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语，则用连接代词；不缺少以上成份，句子意思完整就用that , 不完整就用 whether / if 或其它连接副词。

（3）状语从句

状语从句分类比较多，如：时间状从，地点状从等。但是状语从句在短文改错中是相对容易的，比较容易能找出连词的错误。做题时，我们要理解句子意思，判断在此处应该用什么连词。