中英双字幕版视频(选中以下链接,搜索之后即可查看)
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ni4y1C71c/
机器翻译字幕，仅供参考：
okay let's talk about vertebral landmarks we're gonna identify the major
好吧，让我们谈谈椎骨标志我们要识别
landmarks on a typical vertebra and there are the fourteen different
典型椎骨上的主要标志，我们要识别十四种不同的
structures that we're going to identify and the picture on the top is a superior
结构，顶部的图片是
view and the picture on the bottom is the lateral view so let's start with the
俯视图，底部的图片是 侧视图 所以让我们
spinous process receives its name because the spinous process is a spine
从棘突开始 之所以得名，是因为棘突是一个脊椎
projection and a process as well it's a bony point of projection so in surface
突起，也是一个突起，它也是一个骨性投影点，所以在表面
anatomy it's that part in the midline that you can fill each of those
解剖学中，它是中线的那个部分，你可以填充每个
different prominent spines the most obvious one is the vertebral prominence
不同的突出部分 刺 最明显的是 c7 的椎骨突出
for c7 if you drop your chin to your chest and palpate on the back of your
如果你将下巴放在胸前并在脖子后面触诊
neck right by your collar line you'll feel that vertebral prominence it's good
你的领线，你会感觉到椎骨突出 很
to find about that level transverse process is a projection from a bone in
高兴找到那个水平的横突是一个 从
the transverse plane and muscles and ligaments attach to that the lamina is
横向平面上的骨骼突出，肌肉和韧带附着在该椎板上，椎板
the portion of a vertebra that's between the transverse and the spinous process
是椎骨的一部分，位于横向和棘突之间
the pedicle the pedicles are region between two different structures in
处理椎弓根 椎弓根是两个不同结构之间的区域，
yellow it's called the vertebral arch and in pink
黄色称为椎弓，粉红色
there's the vertebral body and the pedicle is a region in between now in
是椎体，椎弓根是介于两者之间的区域 现在
the lateral view you'll see that there's one pedicle and another pedicle between
在侧视图中，您会看到有一个椎弓根和另一个椎弓根 在
these two pedicles is a foramen known as the inter vertebral foramen the bottom
这两个椎弓根之间有一个称为椎间孔的孔 底部
picture shows this better in a lateral view the superior picture shows in red
图片在侧视图中显示得更好 上图以红色
highlight where I did highlight the pedicle recognize that the
突出显示 我确实突出显示了椎弓根 认识到
intervertebral foramen is between adjacent pedicles it's also called the
椎间孔位于相邻椎弓根之间 它也称为
neural foramen because that's where spinal nerves exit on either side
神经 因为那是脊神经
between adjacent vertebrae then we have this superior articular facet sometimes
在相邻椎骨之间的两侧退出的地方，所以我们有这个上关节面，有时
called the superior ticular process it projects off the top of a vertebra which
称为上关节突，它从椎骨的顶部伸出，
then articulates with the inferior articular facet and together they make a
然后与下关节面连接，它们一起形成一个
facet joint this is a synovial plane joint that allows flexion and extension
小关节 是一个滑膜平面关节，允许弯曲和
to occur between vertebrae allows you to bend and straighten your back it's also
伸展 b 椎骨之间可以让你弯曲和伸直你的背部 它也
called the zeig apophis eel joint synonymous okay the pars
被称为 zeig apophis eel 关节同义词 好吧 关节间的
interarticularis so this one that we see there in pink that's kind of blinking
所以我们在粉红色看到的那个有点闪烁
it's called the pars or pars interarticularis the best way to find it
它被称为 pars 或 parsinterarticularis 找到它的最佳方法
is the following we find the transverse process and the pedicle on one vertebra
是 下面我们在一个椎骨上找到横突和椎弓根
and then you find the superior and interior Theory er articular facets and
，然后你会找到上关节面和内部理论 er 关节面，关节
the pars interarticularis is the region between those four points
间部是这四点
pedicle and transverse processes articular facets and there's our pars
椎弓根和横突关节面之间的区域，还有我们的关节间部，
interarticularis we also have the vertebral body that we see there in blue
我们也有我们在那里看到的蓝色椎体
it's the largest and thickest portion of a vertebra now the vertebral arch shown
它是椎骨的最大和最厚的部分现在
in yellow this is a region that encompasses our transverse process the
用黄色显示的椎弓 这是一个包含我们的横突的区域
pedicle the lamina and the spinous process so everything from the pedicle
椎弓根 椎板和棘突 所以从椎弓根开始的
basically everything posterior to the vertebral body is considered the
一切基本上都是后部的 到椎体被认为是
vertebral arch so there's our vertebral arch and the vertebral body pretty much
椎弓所以有我们的v椎弓和椎体几乎
comprised the entire vertebra vertebral bodies anterior vertebral arch is
包括整个椎体椎体前椎弓在
posterior then on each vertebral body is an intervertebral disc as we see that in
后面然后每个椎体上都有一个椎间盘，正如我们看到的
red and an intervertebral disk is comprised of fibrocartilage and the
红色，椎间盘由纤维软骨组成，纤维
fibrocartilage disk has two different components an annulus fibrosus which is
软骨盘有两个不同的组成部分 纤维环
the ring think-think jelly doughnut it's the outside of a jelly doughnut whereas
是环 think-think 果冻甜甜圈 它是果冻甜甜圈的外部，而
the jelly on the inside is the nucleus pulposus this is a gelatinous type of
内部的果冻是髓核 这是一种凝胶状的
fibrous cartilage and together these intervertebral discs help with
纤维软骨，这些椎间盘一起帮助
compression absorbing compression when you are putting weight on the trunk of
压缩吸收压力 将重量放在身体的躯干
the body then we have a hole in the middle of the further breh known as
上，然后我们在更远的中间有一个洞，
appropriately the vertebral foramen there in blue if we take each of our
适当地称为蓝色的椎孔，如果我们取出我们的
seven cervical 12 thoracic five lumbar five cycle vertebrae and take each
七个颈椎 12 胸椎 5 腰椎5 周期椎骨中的每一个，现在取出每个
vertebral foramen now these vertebral foramina they make a
椎孔这些椎孔形成
vertebral canal which houses our spinal cord that's how it travels up and down
椎管，容纳我们的脊椎脊髓就是它上下移动的方式
and this is how its protected so the spinal cords in the middle of the
，这就是它的保护方式，因此椎管中间的
vertebral canal and spinal nerves come seg mentally through those
脊髓和脊神经在精神上通过
intervertebral or neural foraminal on either side so those are our landmarks
两侧的椎间孔或神经孔进行分段，所以这些是我们的地标
now let's talk about unique features of an individual vertebra starting first
现在让我们谈谈独特的单个椎骨的特征首先
with our cervical vertebrae so the cervical vertebrae have this bifid
从我们的颈椎开始，所以颈椎有这个双叉
spinous process as shown here by those two yellow arrows
棘突，如图所示的两个黄色箭头，
it's basically c2 down to 36 are the primary levels in which you're gonna see
它基本上是 c2 到 36是你会看到
this bifid spinous process in addition we have these vertebral foramina and
这个双叉棘突的主要水平 此外，我们还有这些椎孔，并
highlighted in turquoise wear which serve as the conduit for the vertebral
以绿松石色突出显示，它们作为椎动脉的导管
arteries that when they arise from the subclavian arteries these vertebral
，当它们从锁骨下动脉发出时，这些椎
arteries traverse these vertebral foramina all the way up to the base of
动脉穿过这些椎孔一直到
the skull traverse foramen magnum and becomes the blood supply to the
颅骨底部，穿过大孔并变成 后脑的血液供应
posterior brain now the Atlas vertebra or c1 so what we see here in blue is the
现在是阿特拉斯椎骨或c1所以我们在这里看到 蓝色是
c1 vertebra and it has these two superior articular facets that
c1 椎骨，它有这两个
articulate with the occipital condyles so remember in mythology there's Atlas
与枕骨髁相连的上关节面，所以请记住，在神话中，阿特拉斯
and atlas held the world on his shoulders well that's why they called
和阿特拉斯很好地将世界放在他的肩膀上，这就是为什么他们
the c1 vertebra the atlas because it holds the skull world on its shoulders
称 c1 椎骨为阿特拉斯，因为它支撑着头骨世界 它的肩膀
c1 atlas vertebra the axis vertebra is shown here in lime-green and it has a
c1 atlas vertebra 轴椎骨在此处以石灰绿色显示，并且它有一个
particular bony landmark called the odontoid process odontoid for tooth
特殊的骨骼标志，称为齿状突 odontoid 的牙齿，
because it looks like a tooth coming up from it or simply known as the dens and
因为它看起来像一颗从它上面长出来的牙齿，或者简称为 dens 和
this add-on toy process helps with pivoting your head side to side is this
这个附加组件 玩具过程有助于将你的头部左右旋转这
a no so the dens articulates with c1 the atlas to create this type of movement
是一个否，所以窝点与 c1 关节连接，以创建像这样的这种类型的运动，
like this so there's the side-to-side motion or pivoting where the dens serve
所以在窝点作为轴的地方有左右运动或旋转
as serves as an axis a pivot for that type of nod in your head no - no no or
在你的脑海中点头的那种类型的枢轴 no - no no
side to side then we have the uncinate process where that term honks innate
或左右然后我们有一个 uncinate过程，其中术语 honks innate
comes from the Latin honks and ADIS which means a hook and we can see the
来自拉丁 honks 和 ADIS这意味着一个钩子和 我们可以看到
soup here projection from the vertebral bodies in
这里的汤从颈椎区域的椎体投射出来
the cervical region and they form these hooks that prevent lateral translation
，它们形成了这些钩子，可以防止
of cervical vertebrae on top of each other and about thoracic vertebrae
颈椎横向移动到彼此的顶部，关于胸椎的
unique features the only one I'd like to focus on are these costal facets and
独特特征，我唯一想关注的是这些 肋骨，
whenever you think costal think rib and that's why we only find them in the
当你想到肋骨时，这就是为什么我们只
thoracic region where the 12 pairs of rib articulate and then the lumbar
在 12 对肋骨关节的胸椎区域找到它们，然后是
vertebrae off those articular facets we've got these bony prominences called
那些关节面上的腰椎，我们有这些骨
the mammillary processes and accessory macs mammillary processes they're on the
突，称为乳头突起和附件macs 乳状突，它们在横突上，
transverse process these are for muscle attachments also the lumbar vertebrae
这些用于肌肉附着，腰椎
have the thickest and largest vertebral bodies now with movements we have
有最厚和最大的椎体，现在有运动，我们有
flexion and extension so there's extension and there's flexion extension
弯曲和伸展，所以有伸展，有伸展，有弯曲，伸展，弯曲，还有
flexion extension flexion and the thing to notice about this is there's not a
关于这个的注意事项 是不是
lot of movement but when you take all cervical thoracic lumbar vertebrae and
运动量不大但是当你把颈椎胸腰椎都拿下来的时候e 并将
stack them on top of each other it becomes very obvious when you can see
它们堆叠在一起，当您可以
that spine flexing and extending and there's our landmarks of the vertebra
看到脊柱弯曲和伸展以及我们的椎骨标志时，它变得非常明显
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