MANAGEMENT OF INJECTION INJURIES
Oil, grease, solvents, hydraulic fluid or paint injected under pressure are damaging because of tension, toxicity or both. The thumb or index finger is usually involved. Substances can gain entry even through intact skin. Air or lead paint may show on x-ray.
Immediate decompression and removal of the foreign substance offers the best hope. This means an extensive dissection. The outcome is often poor, with amputation sometimes being necessary.
FROSTBITE
Frostbite requires special treatment. The limb is rewarmed in a water bath at 40–42 degrees for 30 minutes. Oedema is minimized by elevation, and blisters are drained. Digits sometimes need amputation.
---from 《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》
重点词汇整理：
grease, solvents, hydraulic fluid 润滑脂，溶剂，液压油
Substance /ˈsʌbstəns/n. 物质；实质；资产；主旨
lead /liːd; led/铅;vt. 领导；致使；引导；指挥
dissection/dɪˈsekʃn,daɪˈsekʃn/n. 解剖，切开；解剖体；详细查究
Frostbite /ˈfrɔːstbaɪt/n. 冻伤，冻疮adj. 冬季帆船比赛的v. 冻伤，遭受霜冻
Oedema is minimized by elevation, and blisters are drained.抬高可使水肿减小，水疱排出。
blister/ˈblɪstər/n. 水泡；水疱；
百度翻译：
注射伤的处理
在压力下注入的油、油脂、溶剂、液压油或油漆会因张力、毒性或两者兼而有之而造成损坏。拇指或食指通常会受累。物质甚至可以通过完整的皮肤进入。x射线可能显示空气或铅漆。
立即减压和清除外来物质是最好的希望。这意味着要进行广泛的解剖。结果往往很差，有时需要截肢。
冻伤
冻伤需要特殊治疗。肢体在40-42度的水浴中重新加热30分钟。水肿可以通过抬高来最小化，水泡也可以排出。手指有时需要截肢。
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