NIKOLA TESLA
The advances described are the result of my research carried on for many years with the chief object of transmitting electrical energy to great distances. The first important practical realization of these efforts was the alternating current power system now in universal use. I then turned my attention to wireless transmission and was fortunate enough to achieve similar success in this fruitful field, my discoveries and inventions being employed through out the world. In the course of this work, I mastered the technique of high potentials sufficiently for enabling me to construct and operate, in 1899, a wireless transmitter developing up to twenty million volts. Some time before I contemplated the possibility of transmitting such high tension currents over a narrow beam of radiant energy ionizing the air and rendering it, in measure, conductive. After preliminary laboratory experiments, I made tests on a large scale with the transmitter referred to and a beam of ultra-violet rays of great energy in an attempt to conduct the current to the high rarefied strata of the air and thus create an auroral such as might be utilized for illumination, especially of oceans at night. I found that there was some virtue in the principal but the results did not justify the hope of important practical applications although,some years later, several inventors claimed to have produced a 'death ray' in this manner. While the published reports to this effect were entirely unfounded, I believe that with the new transmitter to be built, this and many other wonders will be achieved. Much time was devoted by me to the transmission of radiant energy, in various forms, by reflectors and I perfected means for increasing enormously the intensity of the effects, but was baffled in all my efforts to materially reduce dispersion and became fully convinced that this handicap could only be overcome by conveying the power through the medium of small particles projected, at prodigious velocity, from the transmitter. Electro-static repulsion was the only means to this end and apparatus of stupendous force would have to be developed, but granted that sufficient speed and energy could be realized with a single row o f minute bodies then there would be no dispersion whatever even at great distance. Since the cross section of the carriers might be reduced to almost microscopic dimensions an immense concentration of energy, irrespective of distance, could be attained.
When I undertook to carry out this plan in practice, the difficulties seemed insurmountable. In
the first place, a closed vacuum tube could not be employed as no window could withstand the force of the impact. This made it absolutely necessary to project the particles in free air which
meant that each could hold only an insignificant charge. Thus, no matter how high the potential of the terminal, the force of repulsion would be necessarily too small for the purpose contemplated. . . . But by the application of my discoveries and inventions it is possible to increase the force of repulsion more than a million times and what was heretofore impossible,
is rendered easy of accomplishment. The successful carrying out of the plan involves a number of more or less important improvements but the principal among these include the following:
1. A new form of high vacuum tube open to the atmosphere.
2. Provisions for imparting to a minute particle an extremely high charge.
尼古拉·特斯拉
以上所述的进步是我和主任多年研究的结果
将电能传输到很远的地方的物体这些努力的第一个重要的实际实现是现在普遍使用的交流电力系统。然后我把注意力转向了无线传输，并且很幸运地在这个富有成果的领域取得了类似的成功，我的发现和发明在全世界得到了应用。在这项工作中，我充分掌握了高电位技术，使我能够在1899年建造并操作一台可达2000万伏特的无线发射机。在此之前的一段时间里，我考虑过通过一束窄小的辐射能来传输如此高压的电流的可能性，它可以电离空气，使空气在一定程度上传导。初步实验后,我做了大规模测试发射机指和一束紫外线的能量试图进行当前的高阶层稀薄的空气中,从而创建一个极光等可能是用于照明,特别是晚上的海洋。我发现这在原理上是有一些好处的，但结果并不能证明有重要的实际应用的希望，尽管，几年之后，几个发明家声称已经用这种方法制造出了“死亡射线”。虽然发表的报道完全没有根据，但我相信，随着新的发射机的建成，这个和许多其他奇迹将会实现。时间是我忠实的辐射能的传播,以各种形式,通过反射镜和我完善意味着增加巨大的强度影响,但困惑在我所有的努力大幅减少色散,成为完全相信这个障碍只能克服通过小颗粒的介质输送电力预计,在惊人的速度,从发射机。静电斥力是达到这一目的的唯一手段，因此必须研制出能产生巨大力量的装置。但是，只要能使一排微小的物体产生足够的速度和能量，那么即使在很远的距离也不会有分散。由于载流子的横截面可以缩小到几乎微观的尺寸，因此无论距离如何，都可以达到巨大的能量集中。
当我着手实际执行这个计划时，困难似乎是不可克服的。在
首先，不能使用封闭的真空管，因为没有一扇窗户能承受得住
冲击力。这就使得在自由空气中投射粒子成为绝对必要的
这意味着每个人只能承担微不足道的责任。因此，无论终端的势能有多高，排斥力对于预期的目的来说必然是太小了…但是，通过应用我的发现和发明，有可能把排斥力增加一百多万倍，这在以前是不可能的，
容易取得成就。计划的成功执行涉及一些或多或少重要的改进，但其中主要包括以下几点:
1. 一种新型的向大气开放的高真空管。
2. 提供给微小粒子极高的电荷。
3. A new terminal of relatively small dimensions and enormous potential.
4. An electro-static generator on a new principle and of very great power.
FIG. 1 ILLUSTRATING OPEN VACUUM TUBE
3.一个新的终端相对较小的尺寸和巨大的潜力。
4. 一种基于新原理的大功率静电发电机。
图1示出真空管开口
These devices and methods of operation will be explained by reference to the attached drawings in which Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 represent forms of the new open tube. In Fig. 1, the device consists of an inner cylindrical conduit 1, cemented to a metallic socket 3, and an outer conduit 2, which is tightly screwed to the socket by a nut 4, and has on the open side a taper with a cylindrical end 9, of the same inside diameter as conduit 1. The socket 3, is bored out to provide a large chamber around the inner conduit and carries a pipe 7, through which thoroughly desiccated air or other gas under suitable pressure is supplie d. The open end of the inner and the tapering part of the outer conduit are ground to form an expanding nozzle 8, through which the air escapes into the atmosphere thereby creating a high vacuum in the inner conduit. The socket 3 has a small central hole and is provided with an inside extension 5, and a threaded outside projection 6, the latter serving for connection to a container supplying automatically suitable particles or material for same while the former fulfill the purpose of charging them as they emerge from the hole. The conduit 1 and 2, may be made of fused quartz, pyrex glass or other refractory material and it is obviously desirable that all the parts of the apparatus have small and nearly equal coefficients of thermal expansion especially when the working medium, which might also be superheated steam, is at an elevated temperature. It will be observed that in this tube I do away with the solid wall or window indispensable in all types heretofore employed, producing the high vacuum required and preventing the inrush of the air by a gaseous jet of high velocity. Evidently, to secure this result, the dynamic pressure of the jet must be at least equal to the external static pressure. Expressed in symbols：
这些装置和操作方法将通过附图来说明，其中图1和图2表示新的开口管的形式。在图1中,该设备包含一个内部圆柱管道(1),巩固了金属套筒(3),和一个外导管(2),这是紧螺丝螺母(4)套接字,并在开放方面的锥形圆柱结束9管道内径一样的1。钻出的插座3在内部管道周围提供一个大的腔室，并携带一根管道7，通过它可以供应完全干燥的空气或在适当压力下的其他气体。所述内管的开口端和所述外管的锥形部分被磨成膨胀喷嘴8，通过该膨胀喷嘴空气逃逸到大气中，从而在所述内管中制造高真空。套接字3有一个小中心孔和提供一个内部扩展5和投影6外螺纹,后者为连接到一个容器服务提供自动合适的粒子或相同材料前者满足充电的目的他们走出洞。通道1和2,可能是由熔融石英,派热克斯玻璃或其他耐火材料,它显然是可取的,所有的部分设备小,热膨胀系数大约相同,尤其是当工作介质,这也可能是过热蒸汽,在温度升高。它将观察到，在这个管，我做了固体墙或窗口不可缺少的所有类型迄今为止使用，产生所需的高真空和防止空气涌入的气体射流高速。显然，为了保证这一结果，射流的动压力必须至少等于外部静压。用符号表示:
V2w/2g = P
Assuming equality:
V = √2g P/w
in which equation V is the speed of the jet at its entrance to channel 8 in meters, g the
acceleration of gravity likewise in meters, P the external pressure in kilograms per square
meter and w the normal weight of the air in kilograms per cubic meter. Now
g = 9.81 meters
P = 10332.9 kilograms
w = 1.2929 kilograms
These values give
V = 396 meters
FIG. 2
SHOWING A MODIFIED FORM OF OPEN VACUUM TUBE
Some allowance should be made for the frictional loss in the nozzle and the outlet channel and
also for the deflection of the jet. For most purposes, the velocity need not be much greater,
but as the degree of rarefaction depends on the square of V, it is desirable to obtain as high a
value as practicable. Usually, vacuums obtained by a mercury vapor pump are considered
very high. In those, the velocity is only 280 meters per second but the vapor is 6.9 times
heavier than air. Therefore to get the same vacuum in the air jet, its speed should be 280 x
[6.9]1/2 = 735 meters. With a working medium at high temperature and pressure, both within
practicable limits, this value can be attained and even exceeded. Thus, a gaseous jet of very
high velocity affords a means for closing the end of the tube, more perfectly than any window
that can be made while at the same time permitting and facilitating the exit of the
particles. Referring to fig. 2., it shows schematically a modified form of my tube intended for
various scientific and practical uses when it may be preferable or necessary not to discharge
the jet through the open end. The construction of the device will be easily understood in view
of the foregoing description like parts being similarly designated. A cylindrical conduit 1, is
provided as in fig. 1, but the outer cone is replaced by a block 2, of lava or other insulating
material shaped as indicated and firmly cemented to the conduit 1, which is hermetically joined
by a nut 4, to a metallic plug 3, having a central hole, and extensions 3 and 6, serving the
purpose stated above. The working fluid, as compressed desiccated air, is supplied by
means of a pipe 7, to a large annular space around conduit 1, and escapes through an
expanding nozzle 8, formed by the tapering part of the block and the end of the conduit, into a
chamber connected by a pipe 10, to a vacuum pump of large capacity not shown on the
drawing for carrying off not only the air issuing from the nozzle but also that rushing in from
the outside through the open end( 9).
V2次方/ 2 g = P
V =√2g P/w
式中，V为射流进入8通道时的速度，单位为米，g为
重力加速度同样以米为单位，P外部压力以千克每平方
空气的正常重量，单位是千克每立方米。现在
g = 9.81米
P = 10332.9千克
w = 1.2929公斤
这些值给
V = 396米
图2
显示一种改进形式的开放式真空管
喷嘴和出口通道的摩擦损失应考虑在内
还有喷气机的偏转。在大多数情况下，速度不需要太大，
但由于稀疏度与V的平方有关，我们希望得到同样高的a
价值是可行的。通常考虑用汞蒸汽泵获得的真空
非常高。速度只有280m / s但是蒸汽是6。9倍
比空气重。因此，要在空气射流中获得相同的真空，其速度应为280x
1/2 = 735米。在高温高压下工作
可行的限制，这个值可以达到甚至超过。因此，一股非常的气体喷射
高速提供了一种关闭管子末端的方法，比任何窗口都更完美
这可以在允许和促进退出的同时做到
粒子。参照图2。，它显示了一个修改形式的我的管打算
在可取或必要时不排放的各种科学和实际用途
喷嘴穿过开口端。该装置的构造将很容易理解
上述描述的类似部件被同样地指定。一是圆柱形导管1
如图1所示，但外锥被熔岩或其他绝缘物的第2块所取代
材料形状如图所示，并与管道1牢固地胶结，管道1是密封连接的
由一个螺母4，到一个金属塞3，有一个中心孔，和延长3和6，服务
上面描述的目的。工作流体，作为压缩干燥空气，由
一个管道的手段7，到一个大的环形空间周围的导管1，并通过一个
扩展喷嘴8，由块体的渐细部分和导管的末端形成，进入a
箱内由一根管子连接10，连接到一个真空泵上的大容量没有显示
抽吸不仅可以带走从喷嘴喷出的空气，还可以带走从喷嘴喷出的空气
外部通过开口端(9)。
In order to minimize the volume of the latter, I avail myself of an invention of mine known as the 'valvular conduit' by providing the wall of the open end( 9), with recesses as indicated giving rise to whirls and eddies which use up some of the energy of the stream and reduce its velocity. In this way, a pressure of about 100 millimeters of mercury can be readily maintained in the chamber increasing greatly the expansion ration of the air and its speed through the nozzle.
It is hardly necessary to remark that my open vacuum tubes require mechanical power for
operation which may range from 10 to 20 h.p., but this drawback is insignificant when
considering the important advantages they offer and I anticipate that they will be extensively employed.It remains to be explained how such a tube is utilized for imparting to a particle to be projected a very great charge. Imagine that the small spherical body be placed in a nearly perfect vacuum and electrically connected to the large sphere forming the high potential terminal of the transmitter.
By virtue of the connection, the small sphere will then be at the potential of the large one no matter what its distance from the same but the quantity of electricity stored on the small sphere will vary greatly with the distance and be proportionate to the difference of its potential and that of the adjacent medium. If the small sphere is very close to the large one,this difference will be insignificant and so to the charge; but if the s mall sphere is at a great distance from the large one where the potential imparted by the same to the medium approximates zero, the quantity of electricity stored on the small one will be relatively enormous and equal to Qr/R. To illustrate, if r = 1/100 e.s. and R = 1000 e.s. and Q = 108 e.s.units, as before assumed, then Q =1000 e.s. units which is a hundred thousand times more than previously obtainable.
At a distance 2R from the center of the terminal, at which the difference between the potential of the small sphere and the adjacent medium will be half of the total, or 15,000,000 volts, Q will be 500 e.s. units and from theoretical considerations,
it appears that the best results will be secured if the particle is charged in high vacuum at that
distance. It can be accomplished all the more easily the smaller the radius of the terminal and
this is one of the reasons why my improvement, illustrated in Fig. 3, is of great practical importance.
FIG. 3
NEW TERMINAL FOR EXCEEDINGLY HIGH POTENTIALS
CONSISTING OF SPHERICAL FRAME ATTACHMENTS
[See Fig. 4 for TERMINAL.]
为了减少后者的体积,我利用自己发明的称为“瓣膜管道”通过提供墙上的开口端(9)与深处表示引起旋转和涡流,消耗的能量流和减少它的速度。这样，在燃烧室中可以很容易地维持大约100毫米汞柱的压力，大大增加了空气的膨胀比及其通过喷嘴的速度。
无需说明的是，我的开放式真空管需要机械动力
操作范围可能从10到20马力，但这个缺点是微不足道的时候
考虑到他们提供的重要优势，我预计他们将被广泛聘用。有待解释的是，如何利用这样一种管来给一个粒子以投射很大的电荷。想象一下，小球体被放置在一个近乎完美的真空中，与形成发射机高电位终端的大球体电连接。
由于连接,小球体将潜在的大无论其距离相同,但数量的电力储存在小范围将与距离差异很大,相当的差异其潜力和邻近的媒介。如果小球和大球非常接近，这个差别就会很小，电荷也一样;但是，如果小球体离大球体很远，而大球体给介质的电势接近于零，那么小球体所储存的电量就会相当大，等于Qr/R。举例来说，如果r = 1/100 e.s.和r =1000 e.s.和Q = 108 e.s.单位，就像之前假设的那样，那么Q =1000 e.s.单位，这是以前可以得到的10万倍。
在距离端子中心2R处，小球体和邻近介质之间的电势差将是总电势的一半，即15,000,000伏特，Q将是500 e.s.单位，从理论考虑，
看来，如果粒子在高真空中带电，就能获得最佳结果
距离。终端半径越小，越容易实现
这就是为什么我的改进(如图3所示)具有很大的实际重要性的原因之一。
图3
超高电势的新终端
由球形框架附件组成
[终端见图4]
DIAGRAM INDICATING DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES
As will appear from the inspection of the drawing, the spherical frame of the terminal is
equipped with devices, one of which is shown in the enlarg ed view below and comprises a
bulb 2, of glass or other insulating material and an electrode of thin sheet suitable rounded. The latter is joined by a supporting wire to a metallic socket adapted for fastening to the frame 1, by means of nut 3. The bulb is exhausted to the very highest vacuum obtainable and the electrode can be charged to an immense density. Thus, it is made possible to raise the potential of the terminal to any value desired, so to speak, without limit, and the usual losses are avoided. I am confident that as much as one hundred million volts will be reached with such a transmitter providing a tool on inestimable value for practical purposes as well as scientific research.
FIG. 4
SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF NEW HIGH POTENTIAL GENERATOR
电荷分布示意图
从图纸的检查中可以看出，终端的球形框架是
配备了设备，其中一个如图所示的放大视图，包括一个
灯泡2，玻璃或其他绝缘材料和电极片适合圆形。后者由支撑线连接到金属插座上，适于通过螺母3紧固到框架1上。灯泡耗尽到可获得的最高真空，电极可以充电到巨大的密度。这样，就可以无限制地将端子电势提高到所需的任何值，从而避免了通常的损失。我相信，这样的变送器将达到1亿伏特，为实际用途和科学研究提供一种价值不可估量的工具。
图4
新型高电位发生器原理图
also be of the same kind of material. The air before entering and after leaving the compressor, as well as all apparatus within the airtight enclosure 6, is effectively cooled and maintained at a constant temperature by means as ordinarily employed which was not thought necessary to illustrate.
The operation of the machine will be understood most readily by likening the moving column of air to a running belt. When the air, leaving the compressor, reaches the device 12, containing
discharge points electrified by a direct current of high tension, it is ionized and the charge
imparted to it is carried upward to the special fitting 9,where it is drawn off by sucking points
and charges the terminal. On the return to the compressor the air passes through special
fitting 10, where it receives electricity of the opposite sign conveying it to the device 13, and
from there to the ground. These actions are repeated with great rapidity. The generator can
be made self-exciting by suitable connections. For several reasons, I estimate that a machine
as described will have an output of many times greater than a belt generator of the same size
and, besides, it has several other important construction and operative advantages.
To give an approximate estimate of performance, reference is made to diagram in Fig. 5,
representing a spherical terminal and an open vacuum tube for projecting particles. Suppose
that d be the distance from the center o at which a particle of radius r = 1/100 c.m. is charged
in vacuum to the potential of the terminal, as before explained, and that D is the distance from
center O at which the particle leaves the vacuous space, then, in passing through the distance
D - d it will be accelerated to a velocity
V1 = √2Qq (D-d) / md D centimeters per second
In its transit from distance D to a very much greater distance an additional velocity of q' being,
V 2 = √2Qq' / m D centimeters per second
theoretically, smaller than q. But I have found that although the particle in contact with air is neutralized rapidly yet, on account of its small surface, magnitude of the charge and prodigious speed, a very great distance is traversed without material reduction of the charge
so that, without appreciable error, q' may be considered equal to q. Thus, the total velocity
attained will be in which expression Q and q are in e.s. units,
V = V 1+V 2 = √2Qq (D- d) / md D + √2Qq' / m D centimeters per second
D and d in centimeters and m the mass of the particle in grams. But the calculation may be simplified, for if the charge is virtually constant through a great distance, the velocity finally attained will be
V = √2Qq / md centimeters per second
Assume now that the terminal is equivalent to a sphere of radius R = 250 centimeters which
heretofore could only be charged to a potential of 100 x 250 = 25,000 e.s. units or 7,500,000
volts but, by taking advantage of my improvements, can be readily charged to 2 x 105 e.s.
units or 6 x 107 volts in which case the quantity of electricity stored will be Q = 2 x 105 x 250 =
5 x 107 e.s. units. If, for best effect, the particle is charged in vacuum at a distance d = 2R =
500 centimeters where the difference between its potential and adjacent medium is 3 x 107
volts or 105 e.s. units, then q/r = 105 and q = 105 = 1000 e.s. units. The particle will have a
volume of 4TT/3 x 106 cubic centimeters and if it be tungsten, it will weigh about 4TT x 18/3 x
106 = 7686/1011 gram. Substituting these values
也许这些发明中最重要的是新的高电位静电发生器，如图4所示，这是提供了我的改进终端组成一个球形金属框架1，与附件2，适应be固定到前螺母3，如上所述。该终端在框架内部有一个4号平台，用于支持机械、仪器和观测器，并通过图中为了简单起见省略的绝缘柱被搬运到合适的高度。为了使终端充满能量，压力下的空气被高速驱动通过一个密封的通道，该通道包括一个涡轮压缩机5，带有进气和出口连接，导管7和8，特殊配件9和10，以及一个短管11。管道7和8，最好是由釉面瓷片紧密地螺栓在一起组成，连接处通过适当的填料密封，并在外部有波纹，以尽量减少电泄漏。配件9和10和管11，也可能是同一种材料。空气在进入和离开压缩机之前和之后，以及密封外壳6内的所有设备，都被有效地冷却并保持在一个恒定的温度，采用的方法通常被认为没有必要说明。
将移动的空气柱比作移动的皮带，就能最容易地理解机器的操作。当空气离开压缩机，到达装置12，包含
放电点由高压直流通电，它是电离和电荷
传授给它是向上携带到特殊配件9，在那里它是被吸取点
并向使终端充电。在返回压缩机的空气经过特殊的
配件10，在那里它接收到电力的对面的标志输送它到装置13，和
从那里到地面。这些动作以极大的速度重复着。发电机可以
通过适当的连接使其自激。由于几个原因，我估计一台机器
如所述，其输出功率将比相同尺寸的带式发电机大许多倍
除此之外，它还有其他几个重要的建设和运行优势。
为了给出性能的大概估计，请参考图5中的图表，
表示球形终端和用于投射粒子的开放的真空管。假设
d是半径为r = 1/100 c.m的粒子到o中心的距离
在真空中到电势端子的距离，如前所述，D是距离
在穿过距离时，粒子离开真空空间的中心
它会被加速到一个速度
V1 =√2Qq (D- D) / md D厘米每秒
在从距离D到更大距离的过渡过程中另一个速度q'是，
v2 =√2Qq' / m D厘米每秒
理论上，小于q。但我发现，尽管微粒与空气接触时迅速中和，由于它的表面很小，电荷的大小和惊人的速度，一个非常大的距离穿越没有物质减少电荷
因此，在没有明显误差的情况下，q'可以被认为等于，因此，总速度
其中表达式Q和Q是e.s.单位，
V = V 1+V 2 =√2Qq (D- D) / md D +√2Qq' / m D厘米每秒
用厘米表示粒子的质量，用克表示。但是计算可以简化，因为如果电荷经过很长一段距离实际上是恒定的，那么最终达到的速度将是恒定的
V =√2Qq / md厘米每秒
现在假设这个端点等于一个半径R = 250厘米的球面
在此之前只能充电到100x250 = 25,000 e.s.单位或750万
但是，利用我的改进，可以很容易地充电到2 x 10 次方5 e.s。
单位或6 x 10 7次方伏特，在这种情况下，存储的电量将是Q = 2 x 10 5次方 x 250 =
5 x 10 7次方 e.s.单位。为了达到最好的效果，如果粒子在距离d = 2R =的真空中带电
500厘米，它和相邻介质之间的电势差是3 x 10 7次方
电压或10 5次方 e.s单位，则q/r = 10 5次方和q = 10 5次方 = 1000 e.s单位。粒子会有
体积为4TT/3×10 6次方立方厘米，如果是钨，重量约为4TT×18/3×
10 6次方 = 7686/1011克。每秒替换这些值。
这一发现可以用焦耳当量和焦耳当量之间的关系来检验
动能。这里焦耳是3 x 10 7
x 1000 / 3 x 10 9
= 10，近似等于
106 gram-centimeters。因此,
mV2 / 2 = 10
V
2
= 2×10
6
x 10
11
/ 7686和
V = 1613000厘米或16130米
正如我发现上面的公式，它总是适用的，而后面的规则不是。
因为一焦耳大约等于10000克-厘米，动能等于10
克-厘米或1公斤-米。
为了确定粒子所遇到的空气阻力的可能轨迹
从实际数据和理论考虑中估计。法国专家进行的非常广泛的弹道试验已经确定，当速度达到每秒400米时，阻力随着速度的平方而增加，但从那时起，当速度达到最高时，阻力的增加与速度成正比。另一方面,人们已经发现在测试中一个普通的子弹的步枪,直径8毫米和三倍长,发射在400米每秒,遇到一个平均阻力约0.02公斤,从这些事实,可以推断,粒子的平均阻力的最大速度V可能的顺序1/64,000一公斤,如果是这样,轨迹应该大约64000米或64公里。显然，电阻数据不可能是准确的，但由于机械效应可以增加很多倍，应该没有困难，以确保实际所需的范围与发射机所述。当这项技术完善时，很可能会取得目前认为不可能的结果。这样一个粒子，其微小体积只有二十五万分之一立方厘米，就具有很大的破坏性。它会穿透飞机通常的保护层，使机器失灵，点燃燃料和炸药。对战斗人员来说，它在射程之内的任何距离都是致命的。这些粒子几乎同时大量投射，将产生强烈的加热效应。在对抗飞机时，由于空气密度较小，距离会大得多。显然，粒子越小，它们的速度就越快。例如，如果r= 1/10,000厘米，速度将达到160,000米每秒。如果粒子的直径小于分子直径的800倍，速度和射程就会得到极大的提高。
重要的是设计一种完全实用和简单的方法来供应粒子和I
发明了两种似乎符合这一要求的。一是给钨丝或其他丝
从一个封闭容器中的线轴密封地连接到投影仪上，线轴的旋转
在操作员的控制之下。用线直径2/100厘米，20立方
一厘米的这个量就能产生500万个粒子。其他设备
它由一个固定在投影仪上的封闭容器组成，里面装满了水银，在巨大的压力下，可以通过外部可控的加热和强迫来膨胀，
通过在延伸末端的一个微小的孔延伸到和前面一样的距离
说明和解释。被撕下并投射出来的液滴具有钢的硬度
由于巨大的毛细管压力。如果可以使用水银的目的，这意味着
最好是简单和便宜。
联系客服
