双子座南望远镜拍摄的3I/ATLAS的图像,显现了它壮观的彗发与背向太阳的彗尾。│图源:International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Shadow the Scientist 勒布等人于7月16日发布论文时,3I/ATLAS确实还没有被公布光谱与可识别的化学物质。然而,7月5日和14日,双子座南(Gemini South)望远镜和NASA红外望远镜设施(NASA Infrared Telescope Facility)就已经发现它拥有水冰,只是该结果于7月20日“才”公布。 甚大望远镜(Very Large Telescope,VLT)于7月20日与8月14日先后探测到3I/ATLAS含有的镍与氰化物;雨燕天文台(Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory)7月31日和8月1日的观测表明它有水蒸气和羟基(OH);韦布望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope,JWST)于8月6日拍摄的近红外光谱表明它上面存在二氧化碳、水冰、水蒸气、一氧化碳等化学物质。这些都是太阳系的彗星中常见的化学物质。 以上证据表明,它确实是一颗彗星。勒布的第二条“论据”被推翻。
韦布望远镜拍摄的3I/ATLAS的近红外光谱,清晰显示了其中的水、水冰、二氧化碳、“重二氧化碳”与一氧化碳。│图源:Cordiner, M. A., et al. 其次,既然它是彗星,那么它就不是小行星,也就不需要讨论一颗(这样运动的)小行星能不能这么大了。勒布的第一条“论据”被推翻。 第三,3I/ATLAS的轨道更不值得奇怪。星际天体来自太阳系外,因此其轨道面与黄道面的夹角大小是随机的。前两个被发现的星际天体也具有高离心率、高速、高轨道倾角等特征,虽然它们的这些量都没有3I/ATLAS这么极端。不仅星际天体如此,太阳系中分布在海王星轨道之外的天体(“海外天体”)中就有很多成员的轨道倾角较大,例如一部分柯伊伯带天体(Kuiper belt objects,KBO)的轨道倾角可以达到30度以上。因此,勒布等人的第三条“论据”不成立。 最后,多位天文学家发现勒布等人对3I/ATLAS轨道进行的概率统计分析存在缺陷,这表明勒布等人的第四条“论据”不成立。 总结起来,勒布等人用来猜测3I/ATLAS可能是外星飞船的几个主要理由全部不成立。 3I/ATLAS是一个很显然的天然星际彗星,而不是外星人的飞船。尽管勒布等人在论文中也指出它最可能是彗星,但同时强调它当时没有显示出彗星的特征,从而分析其是外星飞船的可能性。如果勒布不是那么着急抛出这个观点,而是再多等几天,就可知道这是彗星,也不会引发如此热议。 Jewitt等人根据哈勃望远镜7月21日拍摄的图像,推断3I/ATLAS的彗核直径在0.44到5.6千米之间(具体数值依赖于假设的反射率)。对于彗星而言,这一直径并不算大。例如,著名的哈雷彗星的彗核大小为15千米×8千米×8千米,体积远大于3I/ATLAS;海尔-波普(Hale–Bopp)彗星的慧核的平均直径达到60千米。
1997年4月4日拍摄的海尔-波普彗星的图像,曝光时间为 10 分钟。│图源:E. Kolmhofer, H. Raab; Johannes-Kepler-Observatory, Linz, Austria 作为一颗天然彗星,虽然3I/ATLAS会以相对近的距离飞掠金星、火星和木星,但它与地球的距离高达1.8天文单位,即地球与太阳之间的距离的1.8倍,因此不会对地球构成任何威胁。 在那篇论文的最后,勒布等人强调,即便这颗星际天体最终被证实是一颗彗星,“这里给出的计算结果仍具有重要意义,因为它们在未来十年内可用于薇拉·C·鲁宾天文台(VeraC. Rubin Observatory)对其他星际天体的探测。” 然而,无需假设3I/ATLAS为外星人飞船,他们论文中的轨道计算也可以被用于未来的探测。我们熟知的“奥卡姆剃刀”原则强调的就是:如无必要,勿增实体。
数值模拟得到的太阳(红色虚线)和3I/ATLAS(黄色虚线)绕银河系中心运动的俯视图(上)与侧视图(下)。│图源:M. Hopkins/Ōtautahi-Oxford team. Base map: ESA/Gaia/DPAC, Stefan Payne-Wardenaar 3I/ATLAS与此前被确认的两颗星际天体并不是进入太阳系的全部星际天体。研究表明,每年有数个星际天体进入地球轨道以内;有非常多的星际天体位于海王星轨道以内。然而,这些星际天体在夜空中与太阳系内的众多小天体混杂在一起,且快速运动,难以被确认。
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