中考英语语法总复习与随堂测
一．名词
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .
1．名词 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple. 可数名词
集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police .
普通名词
物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .
抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship. 不可数名词
2. 可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况
构成方法
例词
读音
一般情况
在词尾加-s
desk → desks
map → maps
-s在请辅音后发[s]音
day → days
girl → girls
-s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词
在词尾加-es
bus →buses
box → boxes
watch → watches
es发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词
变y为i再加-es
family → families
factory → factories
party → parties
-ies发[iz]音
以f或fe 结尾的词
变f或fe为v再加-es
knife → knives
life → lives
wife → wives
half → halves
-ves发[vz]音
以o结尾的有生命的词
在词尾加-es
potato → potatoes
tomato → tomatoes
hero → heroes
-es发[z]音
以o结尾的无生命的词
在词尾加-s
radio → radios
zoo → zoos
-s发[z]音
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children,tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
3. 名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’ job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house_________ 2. village___________ 3. map __________
4. orange_________ 5. bag___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush__________ 8. family___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city__________ 11. box___________ 12. baby __________
13. class__________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass__________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch_________ 18. woman _________
19. match__________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German__________ 23. tomato _________ 24.policeman ___________
25. kilo__________ 26. human_________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf___________ 32. American __________33. life___________
34. tooth__________ 35. wife ___________ 36.foot ___________
37. knife__________ 38. sheep __________ 39.half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉
7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰 10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米
15、八块木头 16、九块豆腐
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottlesof ink B. two bottle of ink C.two bottle of inks D. two bottles ofinks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D.much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice B.noise C. sound D.noises
4. Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from________.
A. Japan,Japanese B. China,Chinese C. England,English D. American, America
5. There are three ______ and seven ______in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B.cows, sheep C.cow, sheep D.cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’sday B.children’s Day C.Children’s Day D.Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s andJoan’s B. Kate’sand Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D.Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’smother’s B.Mary’s mother C. Marymother’s D. mother’s ofMary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B.a friend C.mine friend D.a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______also white.
A. is, are B.are, is C.is, is D.are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and_______.
A. two breads B.two pieces of breads
C. two pieces ofbread D.two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s twothousand kilometers.
A. street B.road C.way D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B.women C.girl D.child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs ofshoes B. two pair of shoes C.two pairs of shoe D. twopair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B.children C.childs D.childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______in the world.
A. citys B.city C.cityes D.cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in_______.
A. the room 202 B.Room 202 C.the Room 202 D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all_______.
A. places B.homes C.rooms D.buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks B.20 minute’s walk C.20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, theyaren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C.sheeps, cow D.sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B.fruit C.eggs D.bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s_______.
A. Li Ming B.Li Ming’s C.Li Mings D.Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B.some potatoes C.three tomatos D. sometomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with ourbest ______ for her.
A. wish B.hope C. wishes D.hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy foodon Sunday.
A. shop B.park C.zoo D.garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军 B.中华人民共和国 C.联合国 D.中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look afterPolly while he was away.
A. picture-books B. inventions C.instructions D.messages
28. --- Which of the following animalslives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey B.elephant C.panda D.cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’sand Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March B.January C.February D.April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me________.
A. two orange B.two bottle of oranges C. two bottlesof orange D. two bottles oforanges
32. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you puton your ______?
A. watch B.shirt C.sweater D.glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park andtalked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B.American C.Chineses D.English
34. _______ is the best time for plantingtrees.
A. Summer B.Winter C.Spring D.Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. Theycarried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank B. post office C.shop D.hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B.shelfs C.shelfes D.shelves .. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B.months C.days D.minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in ahospital.
A. teacher B.doctor C.farmer D.writer
V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ sayingthat he has something important to do.
A. excuse B. message C.exercise D.news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to waitfor another bus.
A. room B.a room C.rooms D.seats
3. --- Would youlike some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears B. oranges C.sugar D.apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______.KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food B. money C.clothes D.books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since hecame to China.
A. five-star B. five-stars C.five star’s D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become hersecond _______.
A. home B.family C.house D.place
7. --- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.
A. day B. date C.time D.hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA B. India C.Japan D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool B.Chicken C.Pork D.Milk
10. Which of thefollowing does paper burn in?
A.
B.
C.
D.
11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much______ here.
A. noise B.voice C.noisy D.sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people likeeating it.
A. Wool B. Pork C.Mutton D.Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in thelift.
--- It doesn’tmatter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground B.floor C.place D.room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing B.Shanghai C. Guangzhou D. Kunming
15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.
A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法：
1
表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）
It has a round face.
2
指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly. My father is a driver.
3
表示“每一”相当于every，one
We study eight hours a day. Take the medicine three times a day.
4
用于固定词组中
a bit, in a hurry, have a walk, have a good time, after a while
5
a用在辅音音素开头的词前
a book a useful book a “u”
[ju:sful] [ju:]
an用于元音开头的词前.
an hour an “F” an honest man
[au
] [ef]
II. 定冠词的用法：
1
特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
Give me the book. The book on the desk is mine.
2
指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
Where is the doctor? Would you mind opening the door?
3
再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
4
用在世界上独一无二的事物
The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
5
用在序数词和形容词最高级前
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.
6
用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。
The nurse is kind to the sick. the old,
the young, the poor, the happy
7
在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
the Changjiang River, the West Lake
8
在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人
The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.
9
用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前
in the west, on the right, in the morning
III. 零冠词的用法：
1
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one.
Whose purse is this?
3
季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4
表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5
学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
6
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train, by air, by land
7
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.
三、随堂监测A组
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“/”表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers_______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China.It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language forMike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active partin sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground.______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon,or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______oneon ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital?
--- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in_____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing______ piano.
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. / B.the C. a D.an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. / B.an C. the D.a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing______ football.
A. a, the B.an, the C. a, / D./, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half_____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, / B.an, a C. a, / D./, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is______ interesting story.
A. an, the B.the, a. C. /, an D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a B.an C. the D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it isalso ______ useful one.
A. a, a B.an, an C. an, a D.a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacherin our school.
A. A, an B.The, a C. The , the D. A,the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an B.one C. a D.the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a B.an C.the D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a B.an C. / D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a B.a, the C. a, an D.an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here justnow.
--- Is it ______one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D.the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a B.an C.the D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on thetable.
A. a, The B.an, The C. an, An D.the, An
16. Have you had______ breakfast?
A. a B.an C.the D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____operation.
A. a B.an C.the D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played______ violin.
A. the, the B./, the C. /, a D./, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a B.an C.the D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a B.an C.the D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a B.A, / C. A,the D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______world.
A. an, the B.a, the C. the, the D.an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the B.an C. a D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard andgot ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a B.an C.the D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years oldand ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a B.The, a C. The, the D.A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. / B.a C.an D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______film very much.
A. a, the B.a, a C. an, the D.The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ Englishteacher.
A. A, the B.The, a C. A, an D.The, /
三．代词：
代词可以分为以下七大类：
1
人称代词
主格
you
I
he
it
you
we
they
宾格
you
me
him
it
you
us
them
2
物主代词
形容词性
your
my
his
its
your
our
their
名词性
yours
mine
his
its
yours
ours
theirs
3
反身代词
yourself
myself
himself
itself
yourselves
ourselves
themselvs
4
指示代词
this
that
these
the same
such
5
疑问代词
who
whose
what
6
关系代词
7
不定代词
many
few
a few
all, both, neither, either, other, another, something, everyone…
much
little
a little
一、. 人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
例如：
I am studyingEnglish now. 我现在正在学英语。
We love ourcountry. 我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式 you, he and I
复数形式 we, you and they
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如：
Can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗？
We are waitingfor them. 我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It’sme. 是谁呀？是我。
二、形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
例如：
My parents are both doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
We saw a filmyesterday. Its name was Speed. 我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
Is this her pen?No, hers is red. （主语） 这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。
Let’s cleantheir room first, and then clean ours. （宾语） 咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。
These lettersare his.（表语） 这些信是他的。
三、反身代词的用法
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如：
My grandmotheris too old to look after herself. 我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng wasalways ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2) 主要用于加强语气
I did it myself.
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如：
by oneself 亲自 foroneself 为自己
call oneself 称自己 teachoneself 自学
help oneself to 随意吃 loseoneself 迷路
speak to oneself自言自语 seatoneself 就座
make oneselfunderstood 让别人懂得自己的意思
四、 常见不定代词的用法讲解
1. some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如：
Some say yes andsome say no. 有的人说是，有的人说不是。
I don’t like anyof them. 我对他们一个也不喜欢。
Does any of themknow this? 他们当中有谁知道吗？
b．在委婉语气疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。
例如：
Would you likesome of the tickets? 你想要些票吗？
c．在强调“任何一个”意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如：
You can take anyof the newspapers here. 你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。
2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
1）用作形容词：
表示肯定
表示否定
用于可数名词
a few虽少，但有几个
few不多，几乎没有
用于不可数名词
a little，虽少，但有一点
little不多，没有什么
I'm goingto buy a few apples.
He canspeak only a little Chinese.
There isonly a little milk in the glass.
He hasfew friends.
They hadlittle money with them.
2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。
I'm alittle hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let himsleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, goa little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She sleptvery little last night.
3. other, the other, another, others, theothers的区别。
用 法
代词
形容词
单数
复数
单数
复数
不定
another
另一个
others
别人，其他人
another (boy)
另一个（男孩）
other (boys)
其他男孩
特定
the other
另一个
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一个男孩
the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
1）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has twobrothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held aruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
2）other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“其他的一些人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others wentswimming. This coat is too large. Show me someothers, please.
3）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他所有的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but theothers didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English,the others are Chinese.
4）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.
You can see another ship in the sea,can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt.Would you please show her another one?
5）another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had thiscake. Please give me another.
4. every与each的区别。
each
every
1)可单独使用
1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词
2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”
3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物
4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to eachchild.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the Englishteacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every childlikes playing. = All children like playing.
5. all和both的用法。
both表示两者都，而all表示三者或三者以上，both和all用于助动词之后，实义动词之前
Both Jim and Tom are students.Jim and Tom are both students. Both of them are students.
They all come from Australia. Theyare all from Australia. All of them are students.
all thestudents = all of the students all of us = we all
6、either(两者任一)与neither(两者无一),either of, neitherof后谓语动词常用单数形式
Do you know either of the twoladies?
-Are the two answers right?-No, neitheris right. Neither he nor I am right.
either of… neither of…
五、相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）
Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）
六、 疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑
问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：
Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）
What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
七、关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：
I hate people who talk much but dolittle.
I’m looking at the photo which you sentme with your letter.
With the money that he had saved, he wenton with his studies.
Do you know the lady who is interviewingour headmaster?
三、随堂监测A组
I. 选择填空：
1．This dictionary is not hers.It’s _______.
A. I B.me C.mine D.my
2. --- Is this______ magazine? --- No, it isn’t. It’s ________.
A. your, her B.hers, mine C. yours, hers D. your, hers
3. There are twobooks on the desk. One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.
A. others B.other C.the other D. another
4. _______ ofthe girls plays tennis well.
A. Neither B.Both C.All D.Some
5. Mary speaksvery quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.
A. That B.she C.It D.There
6. The schoolwas built by the villagers _______.
A. us B.ourselves C. them D.themselves
7. He put afinger(手指) into______ mouth and sucked it.
A. his B. he C. him D. his’s
8. He is alwaysready to help ______.
A. another B.others C.the other D.other
9. Let _______do this exercise myself.
A. him B.her C.us D.me
10. Do you have _______to tell us?
A. important something B. something important C. importantanything D. anything important
11. I met an oldfriend of ______ on ______ way home.
A. mine, my B.my, the C. mine, a D.mine, the
12. ______ ofthe students in our class has a ticket.
A. Every B.Both C.Each D. All
13. There areseveral books on the desk.. _____ of them is English.
A. All B.Both C.None D. Neither
14. _______ livein Shanghai.
A. We B.Our C.Ours D.Ourselves
15. --- Is this______ jacket? --- Yes, it’s _______.
A. her, her B.her, hers C.hers, her D.hers, hers
16. --- _______is that boy? --- He’s my son.
A. Who B.Whom C. What D.Which
17. _______humans ______ animals can live without air.
A. Both, and B.Neither, nor C. Either,or D.Not only, but also
18. They havetwenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, ______ are for thestudents.
A. the other B.other C.the others D.others
19. Mydictionary is in my bag. Where is _______?
A. yours B. you C.yourself D.your
20. I think youcan do the job ______.
A. yourself B. myself C. himself D. your
21. --- Whichjacket is Mary’s? --- The red one is _______.
A. she B.her C.hers D.his
22. My uncle wasso angry that he was no ______ when he found I was beating his dog.
A. him B.his C.himself D. he
23. There aremany trees on ______ side of the street.
A. all B. both C.every D.each
24. _____ isimportant for us to keep the balance of nature.
A. There B. That C.This D.It
25. She can’tfind ______ watch.
A. hers B. it C.her D.it’s
26. There is______ milk in the glass.
A. many B. little C.few D.a few
27. Please pass______ the cup of tea.
A. me B.my C. mine D.I
28. Have youheard from ______ recently?
A. them B.they C.themselves D.their
29. There is_____water in the bottle.
A. not B. some C.any D.many
30. There isn’t______ food left on the table.
A. many B.few C. much D.little
31. Sorry, Ican’t answer your question. I know ______ about the news.
A. a little B. little C.few D. a few
32. This is hisschoolbag, ______ is on the desk.
A. my B. yours C. your D.you
33. We made theradio ______.
A. us B.ourselves C.myself D.our
34. Would pleasegive me ______ hot tea?
A. one B.little C.some D.any
35. --- Wouldyou like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.
A. a little B.little C.a few D.few
36. Thisquestion is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.
A. few B.a few C.little D.a little
37. They haveonly _________ homework for Sunday.
A. few B.a few C.little D.a little
38. They told usabout their school and we told them about_______.
A. we B.us C.our D.ours
39. This bluesuit looks better than the green ________.
A. / B.one C.suits D.ones
40. _________ isyour father ,a worker or a teacher?
A. How B.Which C.What D.Who
四、随堂监测B组
II. 中考题集：
1．--- Whose painting is this?It’s really wonderful!
--- Oh, it’s not________ . It’s _________ .
A. hers; your B.mine; Elsa’s C.yours; he’s D.his; my
2．_________ of the twins went towatch Peking Opera last Sunday.
They werestaying at home all that day.
A. Either B.Both C.Neither D.One
3．The English novel is quite easyfor you. There are __________ new words in it.
A. a little B.little C.a few D.few
4．This ruler is mine. __________is over there.
A. She B.She’s C.Her D.Hers
5．I’ll tell you ________ newsabout the sports meeting.
A. many B.some C.a few
6．All the boys were very tired,but _______ of them would take a rest.
A. all B.neither C. any D.none
7．Every day Mr. Hu checks_________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.
A. his B.her C.our D.its
8．--- When shall we meet again,this afternoon or tonight?
--- I don’tmind. _________ time is OK.
A. Either B.Every C.Neither D.Both
9．The old man has two sons. Oneis a worker ; ________ is a teacher.
A. another B.other C.others D.the other
10．Pass _________ the knife,please. My pencil is broken.
A. I B.me C.my D.mine
11．--- Which do you prefer, orangejuice or coke?
--- _________,thanks. I’d like just a cup of tea.
A. Either B.Neither C.Both D.None
12．Bob couldn’t buy the dictionarybecause he had _________ money with him.
A. a few B.few C.a little D.little
13．This is not my dictionary. It’s________.
A. her B.his C.your D.their
14．--- Oh! I came n a hurry andforgot to bring food.
--- Never mind. You can have _________ .
A. us B.ours C.you D.yours
15．--- The watch is so nice! Is itfor ________?
--- Yes. Happy birthday. Mary!
--- Thank you very much.
A. his B.me C.my D.hers
16．--- May I use your pen?
--- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.
A. both B.every C.any D.either
17．--- Whose book is this?
--- It’s________ .
A. my B.mine C.me D.I
18．--- How many more oranges can Ihave ?
--- You can have one more. __________ are for Tom.
A. The others B.Another C.Others D.The other
19．--- Can I talk to you for aminute, Brain?
--- Sure, I have _______ time.
A. a few B.little C.few D.a little
20．Their English teacher is from America,but ________ is from England.
A. ours B.my C.your D.her
21．Anne has a son. _______ name isEdward.
A. Her B.His C.Hers D.Him
22．This isn’t my sweater. It’s__________ , I think.
A. she B.her C.hers D.mine
23．Hurry up! There’s _________time left.
A. few B.a few C.little D.a little
24．--- Could I have some milk?
--- Certainly. There’s ________ in the bottle.
A. little B.a little C.a few D.few
25．You can’t see many of the starsin the sky because __________ are too far away.
A. they B.their C.them D.theirs
26．Lei Feng asked _________ forreturn when he helped others.
A. everything B.nothing C.anything D.something
27．--- Is it your ticket?
--- No, _________ is in my pocket. It’s ________.
A. mine; her B.my; his C.mine; hers D.my; hers
28．Can you tell me ________ she iswaiting for?
A. why B.whose C.what D. which
29．Miss Brown will teach ________English next term.
A. us B.we C.our D.ours
30．There is _________ in today’snewspaper.
A. new anything B.new something C. anythingnew D. somethingnew
四、数词
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
（一）基数词
基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。
1 one
11 eleven
100 a hundred
2 two
12 twelve
20 twenty
1000 a thousand
3 three
13 thirteen
30 thirty
1，000，000 a million
4 four
14 fourteen
40 forty
10，000，000 ten million
5 five
15 fifteen
50 fifty
100，000，000 a hundred million
6 six
16 sixteen
60 sixty
1，000，000，000 a billion
7 seven
17 seventeen
70 seventy
8 eight
18 eighteen
80 eighty
9 nine
19 nineteen
90 ninety
10 ten
说明：
1．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。
2．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。
如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10thousand;1亿=100million; 10亿=athousand million=a billion。
（二）、基数词的用法
1．表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。
例如：
two hundredstudents 二百个学生
five thousandyears 五千年
2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的数目，在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词词尾加-s，要与of短语连用。
3．基数词在句中的作用
基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。
例如：
Three andfive is eight. 3+5=8
主语 表语
How manyoranges do you want?你要多少桔子？
I want eight.我要八个。
宾语
There are eightboats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。
定语
（三）序数词的用法
表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。
请见下表：
第一到第十
第十一到第十九
第二十以上
first
eleventh
twentieth
second
twelfth
thirtieth
third
thirteenth
fortieth
fourth
fourteenth
fiftieth
fifth
fifteenth
sixtieth
sixth
sixteenth
seventieth
seventh
seventeenth
eightieth
eighth
eighteenth
ninetieth
ninth
nineteenth
hundredth
tenth
thousandth
1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。
例如：
第一：(the) first=1 st
第二：(the) second=2 nd
第三：(the) third=3 rd
第五：(the) fifth=5th
第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th
第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st
2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。
例如：
第一课：Lesson One
第三十二页：Page 32
第305房间：Room305
第12路公共汽车：BusNo.12
3.
序数词和基数词一样，也能起名词或形容词作用，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
例如：
The first is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二个大。
主语
Give me thefirst. 把第一个给我。
宾语
She’s often thefirst to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。
表语
We’re going tolearn the eighth lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。
定语
（四）六、年、月、日和时间的表达法
1．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。
例如：
1999 nineteenninety-nine
2000 twothousand
2001 twothousand and one
2．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。
例如：
一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。
3．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。
例如：
在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first.
年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。
例如：
在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。
4．年代用基数词的复数表示。
例如：
20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties
21世纪20年代：twenty twenties
5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。
例如：
顺读法倒读法
5：00 five (o’clock)
6：18 six eighteen = eighteenpast six
12：15 twelve fifteen = fifteen (a quarter) past twelve
4：30 four thirty = halfpast four
5：50 five fifty = tento six
6：45 six forty-five = a quarter to seven
注意：
1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。
2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。
3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。
例如：
8:20 twenty pasteight
8:40 twenty tonine
6.分数
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数
1/2 one half or a half
1/4 one fourth or a quarter
4/5 fourfifths
6 5/9 six and five ninths
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列基数词相应的序数词：
1. one __________ 2. two_________ 3. three _________ 4.five ________
5. eight __________ 6.nine _________ 7. twelve _________ 8. twenty __________
9. thirty-one __________ 10. forty-four___________ 11. fifty-seven ____________
II. 把下列短语译成英语：
1. 第12课________________________ 2. 304号房间 _______________________
3. 半小时 ________________________ 4. 每日三次 _______________________
5. 第25页_______________________ 6. 20世纪90年代 ___________________
7. 4路公共汽车 _____________________ 8. 第15中学 _____________________
9. 21世纪 _________________________ 10. 两吨半 ______________________
11. 差一刻三点 _____________________ 12. 第二册 ________________________
13. 在他五十几岁时 ___________________ 14. 二年级八班 ____________________
15. 10:45 _____________________________ 16. 第十五单元 ____________________
17. 第三册第十三课 _______________________ 18. 三分之一 __________________
19. 三百英镑 _________________________ 20. 1994年3月22日__________________
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. 333 reads ___________.
A. three hundredand thirty three B. three hundreds and thirty-three
C. three hundredand thirty-three D. three hundred thirty-three
2. The _______ month of the year is February.
A. one B.first C. two D.second
3. The beautiful skirts are on show in the shop, Jane likes _______.
A. the ninth B.the nineth C. nine D. ninth
4. It took me _______ to finish my homework.
A. a half andtwo hour B. two hour and a half
C. two and ahalf hour D. two and a half hours
5. December is the _______ month of the year.
A. twelve B.twelveth C.twelvieth D. twelfth
6. Tom bought ______ for himself yesterday.
A. two pairs ofshoes B.two pair of shoe
C. two pair ofshoes D.two pairs shoes
7. There are _______ seconds in a minute.
A. fourty B.forty C.sixteen D. sixty
8. Lin Tao gets up at ______ in the morning.
A. half past six B. six past half C.past half six D. half six past
9. December ______ is Christmas.
A. twenty-five B.the twenty-fifth C. the twentieth-five D.twentieth-fifth
10. There are _____ stars in the universe.
A. millions B.million of C.millions of D. million
11. Monday is the _______ day of the week.
A. two B.second C.three D.third
12. Mr. Black left here _____ ago.
A. half a hour B. half an hour C. anhalf hour D. a half hours
13. There are _____ students in their school.
A. nine hundred B.nine hundreds C. nine hundred of D.nine hundreds of
14. There are _____ words in the text of the _____Lesson.
A. hundred of, fifth B. a hundred of, fiveth C. hundredsof, fifth D. hundreds of, fiveth
15. We had learned about _____ English words by the end of lastterm.
A. nine hundredsand forty-five B.nine hundreds of and forty-five
C. nine hundred and forty-five D. nine hundred and fourty-five
IV. 中考题集：
1. About ______ people are in the People’s Park atweekends.
A. two hundreds B.two hundreds of C. two hundred D.hundred of
2. The water behind the Three Gorges Dam (三峡大坝) should be _____higher thandownstream (下游).
A. sixty-five meter B.sixty-fifth meter C. sixty-five meters D.sixty-fifth meters
3. In our school several _____ students are able tosearch the Internet for useful information now.
A. hundred of B.hundreds for C. hundred D.hundreds
4. I was 8 years old when my father was 31. this year my father istwice my age. How old am I?
A. 21 B.22 C.23 D.24
5. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _______.
A. July 1, 1921 B.October 1, 1949 C. August 1, 1927 D.May 1, 1922
6. Look at the menu:
SNACKS
Hamburger $ 2.60 Orange juice $1.20
Hot dog $2.15 Coffee $1.00
Ice cream $2.00 Coke regular $0.75
Popcorn $1.00 large $1.00
Jeff wants tobuy a hamburger, a large coke and ice cream.
How much will hepay?
A. Five dollarsand sixty cents. B. Five dollars and thirty-five cents.
C. Three dollarsand sixty cents. D. Two dollars.
7. --- How many workers are there in yourfactory? --- There are two _______.
A. hundreds B. hundred C.hundred of D.hundreds of
8. The film star is going to spend ______dollars on a new dress for the coming party.
A. three thousands B.thousands of C. thousand of D.three thousands of
9. There are ______ doctors and nursesworking hard in that hospital.
A. thousand B.two thousand C. two thousands D.two thousands of
10. --- How many teachers are there in yourschool? --- ________, but I’m not sure.
A. Hundreds B.Hundred C.Hundreds of D. Onehundred
11. I think ______ lesson is the mostdifficult in this book.
A. five B.fifth C.the fifth D.fifteen
1. _______ travelers come to visit our city everyyear.
A. Hundred of B.Hundreds of C. Five hundreds D.Hundred
2. The Games of ______ Olympiad in 2008 will be held in the city of Beijing.
A. 29 B.the 29 C. 29th D. the 29th
3. Fan Zhiyi’s transfer to Dundee Football Club at the end of lastyear aroused ______ Chinese people’s interest.
A. thousand of B.thousand C.thousands of D.thousands
4. About ______ films were shown during the5th Shanghai International Film Festival.
A. two hundred of B.two hundreds of C. two hundred D. two hundreds
5. --- Do you have enough men to carry these chairs? --- No. I thinkwe need ______ men.
A. another B.two others C. moretwo D.two more
6. --- Can you write the number eighty-five thousand, six hundredand twenty-six?
--- Yes, it is_____________.
A. 85662 B.85626 C.58662 D.58626
7. There’re ______ students in our grade.
A. hundreds of B.three hundreds of C. three hundreds D.three hundreds’
8. ______ of the workers in this factory is about two hundred,_______ of them are women workers.
A. The number, first third B.The number, one third
C. A number, half D.A number, three quarters
9. _______ Germans come to visit China every year.
A. Thousands of B.Thousands C.Thousand of D. Two thousands
五、形容词(adj．) 表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用
副词(adv．) 表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
1. 形容词的用法
(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如：
Ourcountry is a beautiful country. （作定语）
The fishwent bad. （作表语）
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语）
(2) 形容词修饰something, anything,nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在不定代词后面。
I have somethingimportant to tell you.
Is there anythinginteresting in the film.
(3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。
Everybody,man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
You can takeany box away, big or small.
(4) the＋形容词表示一类人或物
The rich should help the poor.
2. 副词的用法
(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。
He studies veryhard. （作状语）
Life hereis full of joy. （作定语）
When will you beback? （作表语）
副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：
1)时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom,sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：
He often comesto school late.
What are wegoing to do tomorrow?
He has neverbeen to Beijing.
2)地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere,everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：
I met an oldfriend of mine on my way home.
He wentupstairs.
Put down yourname here.
3)方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously,badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully,angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high,straight, wide等。例如：
The old manwalked home slowly.
Please listen tothe teacher carefully.
The birds areflying high.
He runs veryfast.
4)程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather,pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：
Herpronunciation is very good.
She sings quitewell.
I can hardlyagree with you.
5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are yougetting along with your studies?
Where were youyesterday?
Why did you dothat?
(2)副词在句中的位置
1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：
Mr Smith worksvery hard.
She speaksEnglish well.
2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：
He usually getsup early.
I’ve never heardhim singing.
She is seldomill.
3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例：
It is a ratherdifficult job.
He runs veryfast.
He didn’t workhard enough.
4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
On my way home,I met my uncle.
The studentsthere have a lot time to do their own research work.
(3)部分常用副词的用法
1) very, much
这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：
She is a verynice girl
I’m feeling muchbetter now.
Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：
I don’t like theidea much.
They did nottalk much.
2) too, either
这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：
She can dance,and I can dance, too.
I haven’t readthe book and my brother hasn’t either.
3) already, yet
already一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：
He has alreadyleft.
Have you heardfrom him yet?
He hasn’tanswered yet.
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。
例如：
My brother likesfootball and so do I.
My brotherdoesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
3.形容词、副词都有三个等级：
1、一般构成规律：
词的特征
变 化
例 词
原 级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词
直接加-er, -est
strong
high
stronger
higher
strongest
highest
以e结尾的词
加-r, -st
wide
nice
wider
nicer
widest
nicest
以单个辅音字母（非r）结尾的单音节词
双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -est
fat
thin
fatter
thinner
fattest
thinnest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词
变y为i，再加-er,-est
heavy
happy
heavier
happier
heaviest
happiest
少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词
直接加-er; -est
clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
cleverest
narrowest
多数双音节词
多音节词和
源于分词的形容词
在原级前加more, most
slowly
difficult
tired
more slowly
more difficult
more tired
most slowly
most difficult
most tired
2、常见的不规则变化：
原 级
比较级
最高级
good well
better
best
bad badly ill
worse
worst
many much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther
further
farthest
furthest
old
older
elder
oldest
eldest
4．形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法
原级的用法：
①肯定句型：
as + 形容词（副词）原级 + as… 意思是 “与……一样”
The boy is as clever as his brother. 这个男孩和他的哥哥一样聪明。
Lucy writes as carefully as Lily. 露茜写得和莉莉一样认真。
②否定句型：
not so/as + 形容词（副词）原级+as… 意思是“不如……“
Monkeys are not as strong as elephants. 猴子不如大象强壮。
He is not so good a man as you. 他没有你好。
比较级的用法：
1、比较级+than
Peter is wiser than Sam.彼得比山姆聪明。
The car is more beautiful than that one. 这来辆车比那一辆漂亮。
2、形容词比较级前可用much, even, still, any, far, four times, alittle等修饰。
Peter is much wiser than Sam.彼得比山姆聪明的多。
The room is a little brighter than that one. 这间房子比那间稍微亮一点。
3、比较级+and+比较级 意思是“越来越…...”
It rains harder and harder.雨下得越来越大。
4、The+比较级，the+比较级 意思是“越…...就越…...”
The harder you study, the faster you make progress. 你学习越努力，进步就越快。
5、比较级+than any other+单数名词. 意思是“比其它的任何一个……都更……”（这种情况其实是用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。）
He is more stupidthan any other student in his class. 在他班里他比其它任何学生都更愚蠢。
She is taller thanany other girls in the team. 她比队里的其余任何一个女孩都要高。
最高级的用法：
1、有范围修饰的用最高级，如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的句子中。
This is the most expensive of all the watches.在所有这些表中这块最贵。
In my family, mother is the busiest.
2、序数词+最高级+名词 表示“第几个最……的”
The Yellow River is the second longest riverin China.黄河是中国的第二大河流。
The park is the third largest one in Beijing.这个公园是北京第三大公园。
3、one of the+最高级+复数名词 表示“是最……之一”
America is one of the richest countries in theworld.美国是世界上最富有的国家之一。
One of the most beautiful places in Beijingis the Summer Palace.
北京最美丽的地方之一是颐和园。
4、形容词最高级前一定要用the，而副词最高级前可省略。
The elephant is the heaviest in the zoo.大象是这个动物园里最重的动物。
She came (the) earliest of all the students.所有学生中她来得最早。
形、副比较等级还应注意
1.比较级前用a little ; much / a lot ; even/ still来加强语气，表示“……一点儿；……得多； 更……”
eg. 1) a little bigger 大一点儿
2)much more 多得多
3)even heavier更重
但注意：不能在比较级前加so; too; very; quite等。
2.比较级必须是同类事物相比（即as; than后的词应与主语是同类事物），注意常用漏的代词有：that; those; one; ones
eg. 1)The apples (A) inthis basket (B) are redder (C) than in that basket(D)._________
2)This knife (A) isn’t(B) so (C) new as that(D). _______________
3)Our classroom (A) is(B) bigger (C) than Lily(D). _______________
3.个体与整体相比，不能包括个体，常用“any other + 单数名词”来进行比较。
eg.1）Betty(是个体) is cleverer than anystudent in her class(是整体). ( × )
正：Bettyis cleverer than any other student in her class.
=Betty is cleverer than anybody else inher class.
=Betty is the cleverest in her class.
(特别注意以上三种句型的转换)
2)China is bigger than any countryin Africa.
中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。
3) China is bigger than any othercountry in Asia. 中国比亚洲的任何一个其他国家大。
*4.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。
eg. Mary is the tallest of all her sisters.(× )
(allher sisters已排除了Mary)
改：Maryis the tallest of all the sisters.
5.表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second , third, …”（但“第一”不能用first）
eg. The Changjiang River is the firstlongest river in China. 改错：________________
一. 单项填空
1．There are many youngtrees on sides of the road.
A. every B. each C.both D. all
2．--- It’s so coldtoday.
--- Yes, it’s thanit was yesterday.
A. more cold B. morecolder C. muchcolder D. cold
3．Little Tom has friends,so he often plays alone.
A. more B. a little C.many D. few
4．She isn’t so atmaths as you are.
A. well B. good C. better D. best
5．Peter writes ofthe three.
A. better B. best C. good D. well
6．He is enoughto carry the heavy box.
A. stronger B. much stronger C.strong D. thestrongest
7．I bought exercise-bookswith money.
A. a few; a few B. afew; a little
C. a little; a few D. a little; a little
8．The box is heavyfor the girl carry.
A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D.no; to
9．The ice in the lakeis about one meter . It’s strongenough to skate on.
A. long B. high C. thick D.wide
10．Wu Lin ran fasterthan the other boys in the sports meeting.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
11. Jone looks so _______ today because shehas got an “A” in her maths test.
A. happy B. happily C.angry D. angrily
12. The smile on my father’s face showedthat he was ______ with me.
A. sad B. pleased C.angry D. sorry
13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress likethis?
---Certainly, we can buy______ one than this, but ______ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. amore important; good as
14. ---This digital camera is really cheap!
---The ______ the better. I’mshort of money, you see.
A. cheap B. cheaper C.expensive D. more expensive
15. If you want to learn English well, youmust use it as _______ as possible.
A. often B. long C.hard D. soon
16. Paul has ______ friends except me, andsometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C.few D. more
17. English people _____ use Mr. Before aman’s first name.
A. never B. usually C.often D. sometimes
18. ---One more satellite was sent up intospace in China in May.
---Right. The government spoke______ that.
A. highlyfor B. high of
C. wellof D. highlyof
19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______mistakes you will make.
---We know, Miss Gao.
A. The more; themore B. The fewer; the more
C. The more; thefewer D. The less; the less
20. I have ________ to do today.
A. anythingimportant B. somethingimportant
C. importantnothing D. importantsomething
二. 用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. My purse was stolen on the bus yesterday. __________ (Fortunate),there was no money in it.
2. Mobile phones are _________ (wide) usedin most of the cities in China.
3. He put on his coat and went out ________(quick).
4. She is ______ (good) than Li Ping atswimming.
5. A lot Chinese people are _______ (pride) of Yao Ming, a famousbasketball star in NBA.
6. To our surprise, he suddenly returned ona cold ______ (snow) night.
7. Allie asked me ______ (polite) to putthe things away.
8. It’s snowing hard. You must drive________(careful).
9. The earth we live on is _______ (big)than the moon.
10. Hainan is a very large island. It’s thesecond ________ (large) island in China.
介词
1.in;on; at用在时间词前，表“在”
1)at+ 具体时刻
2)on+ 具体某天（具体某天的上、下午等；星期词；以及上、下午词前有修饰词时）
3)in+ 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分
但注意：at night= in the night at noon
at this/ that time at Christmas
eg.1.___ the morning 2.___ Monday morning
3. ___ arainy evening 4. ___3:50 5.__ 2002
6.___the morning of April 10 7.___ spring
8.___night 9.___ this time 10. ___ March
另外注意：在时间词（morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…）前有last, next , this , that时，不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。
eg. I will go(A) to the cinema(B)in(C) this evening. ______________
2. in , on , at 表地点：
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
eg. 1)He arrived___Shanghai yesterday.
2)They arrived ___a small village before dark.
3)There is a big hole ____ the wall.
4)The teacher put up a picture ____ the wall.
3.in , on , to表方位
in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系
eg.1)Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
2)Hubei is on the north of Hunan.
3)Japan is to the east of China.
cross: 动词“跨过，越过”=goacross
4. across: （表面）跨过
through: （内部）穿过，贯穿 介词
eg. 1)Can you swim _____ the river?
2)The road runs __________ theforest.
3) _____ the bridge, you’llfind a cinema.
5. in + 时间段：与将来时连用
after + 时间段：与过去时连用
但after+ 时间点：可与将来时连用。
1) I’ll leave _______ three o’clock..That is, I’ll leave ________ about ten minutes.
2)They left _______ two weeks.
6. in the tree(外加在树上的事物)
on the tree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等)
in thewall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物)
7. on the wall(墙表面的事物)
1) There is a map ___ the wall
2) There are four windows ___ thewall.
8.by bike / bus / car / ship (单数且无冠词)
但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时，则应使用相应的介词。
eg. by bike = on a(the; his) bike
by car = in a(the ; her) car
on: 在…（表面）上——接触
9. over: 在…的正上方
above: 在…的斜上方 未接触
1) The moon rose ______ the hill.
2) There is a bridge _____ the river.
3) There is a book ______ the desk.
10. between: 在（两者）之间
among :在（三者以上）之间
1)A big crowd of people were waitingfor Li Lida on the beach. ________ them were his parents.
2)Tom sits ________Lucy and Lily.
11.on与about : 关于
on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等
about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及
eg. He gave a talk ____ the history of theParty
12. in front of :在…前面/方（范围外）= before
in / at the front of:在……前部（范围内）
1)There is a big tree _______ of theclassroom.
2)A driver drives _________ of the bus.
类似区别：atthe back of与behind
13.with和in: 表示“用“
with: 指“用工具、手、口等”
in: 指“用语言、话语、声音等”
1) Please write the letter ____ apen.
2) Please speak ____ a loud voice.
14. on a farm ; in a factory ; the girl inthe hat ; leave for: 动身前往某地
15.一些固定搭配：
（1）介词与动词的搭配
listen to ,laugh at, get to, look for;
wait for, hearfrom, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介词与名词的搭配
on time, intime, by bus, on foot,
with pleasure,on one’s way to, in trouble,
at breakfast,at the end of, in the end等。
（3）介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, beafraid of, be good at,
be interestedin, be angry with,
be full of, besorry for等。
一、语法选择
1、____weekends, we get up at 9:00.
A. At B. On C. In
2、We seea comedy ______ Thursday morning.
A. in B. at C. on
3、Whatdo you do ____ weekends?
A. in B. on C. for
4、We eatdinner _____ the evenning.
A. in B. at C. on
5、Wehave science from 10:00 ____ 11:00.
A. at B. to C. and
6、I playsports ____ two hours every day.
A. for B. at C.after
7、--_____do you get up every day?
--_____ six o'clock.
A. What time, on B. When, in C. Whattime, at
8、We'lldeliver your pizza _______.
A. for half a hour B. in half an hour C. at half an hour
9、Wedon't go to school ____ Sundays.
A. on B. at C. in
10、--Howlong are you staying in Hong Kong? --____ just the weekend.
A. In B. During C. for
11、Ihope you _____ to my party ____ next Sunday.
A. to come, / B. will come,on C. will come, /
12、Whatdid you do _____ your last trip?
A. on B. of C. in
13、Halloweenis ______ October 31 every year.
A. on B. in C. at
14、Allthe students will have a party ____ the afternoon of January 1.
A. in B. on C. at
15、Areyou going camping ___ Tuesday?
A. on B. in C. at
16、Whatdo you like to do ____ vacation?
A. on B. in C. at
17、____weekends, when do you get up?
A. In B. On C. For
18、I wasborn ____ the morning of March 18 th, 199l.
A. In B. On C. Of
19、I'mgoing to the doctor ________ Tuesday afternoon.
A. on B.in C. at
20、 -Howsoon will he come back?
-______ two days.
A.Before B. after C.in D. for
21、Myfather will be back from Beijing
___ aweek.
A.in B. for C.after D. later
22、Everyonewent to the Great Wall ___ me.
A.beside B. besides C.except D.no
23、Thereare some similarties ________ Pedro and Paul.
A.among B.between C. in
24、 MrBrown's daughter likes to read the same books ______ he does.
A. like B. with C. as
25、Ican't visit next week. I have to study _______ my science test.
A. at B.for C. to
26、Otherparts of the world are different ____ the United States.
A. in B. from C. for
27、Howdo the students ____ the world get to school?
A. on B. around C. about
28、InNorth America, most students go to school ____ the school bus.
A. on B. by C. in
29、Isthe bus station far _____ your home?
A. from B. to C. of
30、--Howdo you usually come to school? -- ____ car.
A. By B. By a C. In
31、What'sthe matter ____ her?
A. at B. of C. with
32、IsKatrina's life the same ____ yours?
A. as B. to C. with
33、Don'tread in bed. It's bad ___ your eyes.
A. for B.of C. with
34、Myfriend Emma lokes helping others _____ English.
A. learning B. on C. with
35、Japanis _____ the east of Asia and ____ the north of Australia.
A. in, to B. to, to C. in, on
36、Taiwanis ____ the south of China.
A. to B. in C. on
37、Animalscan't live ______ air.
A. with B. no C. without
38、Jackwant to be a scientist _____ the future.
A. in B. on C. for
39、____the end of the day, they were all tired.
A.on B. in C. at
40、Londonis famous _____ the fog.
A. on B. in C. for
41、Thereare many actors ______ the aquarium.
A. on B. in C. at
42、Thachildren all over the world are the same _____ many ways.
A. in B. on C. from
43、Thelake is different ___ the river.
A. in B. from C. with
44、Let'sgo there _____ our bikes.
A. in B. by C. on
45、Patrickcan not only speak _____ Chinese, but also sing _____ Chinese.
A. in, in B. in,/ C. /, in
46、"Pleasewait _____ the bus stop until I come back." The mother told the children.
A. for B.in C. at
47、Thereare a few differences ____ English names and Chinese names.
A. from B. between C. in
48、Hereis the weather report ____ the next twenty-four hours.
A. of B. for C. in
49、What'sthe matter ____ him?
A. for B. to C. with
50、Myparents often take me to the park ____ holidays.
A. at B. on C. to
51、Tomasks for _______.
A. two large pizza B.three small hamburger C. four mediumpizzas
52、Whatwould you like _____ your pizza?
A. on B.to C. for
53、I'dlike a pizza _____ mushrooms and pepperoni.
A. has B.with C. in
54、Myfriend Lucy sits next _____ me.
A. in B.on C. to
55、Thepay phone is ____ the hotel.
A. cross from B. acrossfrom C. far
56、Sheis sitting _____ me.
A. in the front of B. in frontof C. in the middle of
57、It's2 kilometers ______ here.
A. away B. awayfrom C. near
58、Oursupermarket is next to the post office _____ the right.
A. on B.in C. to
59、Thepost office is _____ the school ____ the hotel.
A. between, or B. between,and C. behind, before
60、Thepost office is across ____ the hotel.
A. from B.to C. in
61、Thereis a house _____ a garden between the park and the hotel.
A. have B. with C.next to
62、Isthere a pay phone ____ this neighborhood?
A. on B.in C. between
63、Theschool is ____ the park.
A. next B.from C. next to
64、Ilike rice and Cola _____ lunch.
A. in B.of C. for
65、Thewindow is ____ the wall and the pichure is ____ the wall.
A. on, on B. in,in C. in, on
66、Pleaselook at the photo ____ the family.
A. of B.for C. on
67、_____breakfast, he likes eggs, milk and apples.
A. For B. At C. In
68、Doyou want to join the art club? Please call Mary _____ 75-3234.
A. for B.with C at
69、Areyou good ____ children?
A. at B.with C. in
70、look,there is a pencil case _____ the floor.
A. in B.on C. at
71、Theteacher is talking ____ the new student.
A. with B. on C. for
72、Pleasewrite ____ me soon.
A. with B. in C. to
六、连词: 从属连词和并列连词
（一）从属连词：用于连接各种从句的连词
（二）并列连词：
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：
1.表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
2. 表选择关系的or, either…or等。
3. 表转折关系的but, while（然而）等。
4.表因果关系的for, so等。
5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列
or: “和”在否定句中表并列
另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句
2)or “否则”
eg. ①.Which do you like better, tea ormilk?
②.Hurryup, or you’ll be late for school.
6.but “但是”表转折
eg. I listened, but I heard nothing.
注意：1)though(虽然), but(但是)不能连用
2)not …but 不是…而是
eg. This book isn’t mine but yours.
both…and : 既…又（连接主语为复数）
neither…nor:既不…也不 连接两主
7. either…or: 或者…或者 语后者决
not only … but also:不但…而且 定单、复
eg.1)Both he and I are students.
2)Neither he nor I am a student.
练 习
( )1.___ the afternoon of May, wevisited the old man. A. On B.At C. In
( )2.Many people work ___ the day andsleep ___ night. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. in ; at
( )3.He speaks Japanese best ____ theboy students. A. between B. with C. among
( )4.A wolf ___ a sheep skin is ourdangerous enemy. A. with B.in C. on
( )5.Joan hopes to come back ___three days.
A. after B.for C. in
( )6.They sent the letter to me ___mistake.
A.by B.for C. with
( )7.He left home ___ a cold winterevening.
A.at B.on C. in
( )8.Shanghai is ____ the east of China.
A.in B.on C. to
( )9.____ my father’s help, I havefinished my composition.
A. Under B.On C. with
( )10.He’s very strict ____ himselfand he’s very strict ___ his work.
A. with ; in B. in; with C. with ; with
( )11.I really can’t agree ____ you.
A.to B.on C. with
( )12.The shop won’t open ___ nine inthe morning.
A.until B.at C. during
( )13.How about ___ the flowers now?
A. watering B. arewatering C. watered
( )14.She spent all his money ___books.
A.in B.with C. on
( )15.They are talking ___ lowvoices.
A.with B.in C. on
( )16.It’s very kind ___ you to helpus.
A.for B.to C. of
( )17.What will you have ___breakfast this morning?
A.with B.for C. by
( )18.A plane is flying ____ thecity.
A.on B.over C. above
( )19.You are free to speak ___ themeeting.
A.at B.in C. on
( )20.Mr. Green will stay in China___Friday.
A.to B.on C. till
( )21.It’s wrong to play tricks ___other people.
A.on B.of C. with
( )22.Which color do you like? Iprefer blue ___ red. A.for B.as C. to
( )23.The student will give us a talk___ how to use our spare time.
A.for B.on C. in
( )24.I paid two hundred yuan ___that kind of bicycle.
A.in B.for C. on
( )25.The doctor is very kind ___ hispatients
A.to B.on C. at
( )26.We can’t live ___ air.
A.in B.with C. without
( )27.The child was afraid ___ thestrange sound. A. at B.for C. of
( )28.He was very angry ___ her forbeing late. A. for B. with C. at
( )29.What do you think ___ the play?
A.about B.like C. of
( )30.I think it’s the right way towork out the problem, but I am not sure _____ it.
A.do B.for C. of
( )31.Reading ___ the sun isn’t good___ you
A. under ; for B.in ; for C. in ; to
( )32.I won’t ask about it, I’m goingto see it ____ my own eyes.
A. by B.for C. with
( )33.We go to school every day ____Sunday. A.except B.without C. on
( )34.There is a small river ___ thetwo towns A. in B. between C. among
( )35.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep___ the lesson. A. for B.through C. during
( )36.Mr. Black went to Paris___ a few days.
A.for B.in C. after
( )37.They will leave ________ Londonnext month.
A.to B.from C. for
( )38.Are you going to the zoo ___bus or ___ my car?
A. on ;by B. by ; in C. on; in
( )39.He woke up several times ___the night
A.in B.at C. on
( )40.No one can stop her ___ goingaway.
A.of B.from C. out of
( )41.What do you mean ___ “bao zhi”?
A.on B.with C. by
( )42.You’ll get a nice present ____your parents____ your birthday.
A. from ; on B. for ; at C. frm ; in
( )43.Light comes in ____ the window.
A.from B.across C. through
( )44.There are many apples ___ thetree. A bird ___ the tree is picking an apple.
A. in ;on B. on ; in C. in ; at
( )45. “Who are you going to play____?” “Grade Two.”
A.about B.by C. against
( )46. Don’t go ___ the street. Thebus is coming.
A. cross B. across C. past
( )47.He lives ___ the twentiethfloor ___ No. 154 Zhongshan Street.
A. on ;at B. in ;in C. on ; in
( )48.He found a piece of usefulinformation ___ the Internet.
A.at B.on C. in
( )49.___ my surprise, he lost thegame.
A.With B.To C. On
( )50.The blind man knows the money___ touching and feeling it.
A.with B.by C. through
( )51. We traveledovernight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.
A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on
( )52. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her.
A. beside B. about C. except D. with
( )53.She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present.
A. on B. as C.for D. of
( )54. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ theyear of 2000.
A. since B. in C.on D. by
( )55. ---What is a writing brush, do you know?
---It’s _______ writing and drawing.
A. with B. to C.for D. by
( )56. English is widely used ______ travellers and businesspeople all over the world.
A. to B. for C. as D. by
( )57. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with theother students.
A. Under B. In C.With D. On
( )58.Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.
A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in
( )59. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.
---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______rain.
A. in B. of C.with D. off
( )60. Japan lies ______ the east of China.
A. to B. in C.about D. at
( )61. ---Will the foreigners haveany problems talking with Chinese in 2008?
---I don’t think so. Now______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.
A. either…or B. not only… but also
C. neither…nor D. both…or
( )62. We didn’t catch the train_______ we left late.
A. so B. because C.but D. though
( )63. Tom failed in the exam again_______ he wanted to pass it very much.
A. if B.so C. though D. as
( )64. I won’t believe that thefive-year-old boy can read five thousand words ______ I have tested him myself.
A. after B. when C.if D. until
( )65. The book was so interestingthat he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it.
A. when B. until C.after D. before
( )66. ---This dress was last year’sstyle.
---I think itstill looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.
A. sothat B. eventhough
C. asif D. ever since
( )67. Hurry up, _______ you willmiss the train.
A. and B.so C. however D. or
( )68. The mountain was ______ steep_____ few people in our city reached the top.
A. so…as B. so…that
C. as…as D. too…to
( )69. ---Do you remember ourpleasant journey to Xi’an?
---Of course. Iremember everything ______ it happened yesterday.
A. as soonas B. even though
C. ratherthan D. as if
( )70. ______ you can’t answer thisquestion, we have to ask someone else for help.
A.Although B. While
C.Whether D. Since
动词
重点知识归纳及讲解
一、概述
动词是表示动作或状态的词。句子中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。动词可以通过本身的变化来表示动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。
1．动词的种类
动词按其词义和在句中的作用可以分为：行为动词（或称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。详见下表：
动词分类
特征
例词
例句
行 为 动 词
vt./vi.
表示动作或状态。有完整的词义。能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语、分为及物动词（带宾语）和不及物动词（不带宾语）
help帮助（vt.）
see看见（vt.）
go去（vi.）
fly飞（vi.）
He often helps me.
I can see a bird in the tree.
Planes can fly.
连 系 动 词
link v.
本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语
be是
look看起来
seem似乎
get变得
become变成，成为
He is an English teacher.
They look the same.
助 动 词
v. aux.
本身无词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来表示否定，疑问、时态、语态、语气等。
be; have; do; will; shall
He doesn't speak English.
We are playing basketball
Do you have a brother?
情 态 动 词
mod v.
本身有一定词义，但不完整。不能独立作谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的态度
can; many; must; need; dare; will; would; shall; should
She can speak a little English.
May I come in?
We must go now.
注意：
1）行为动词又可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）两种。及物动词作谓语，后面必须跟宾语意思才完整。不及物动词作谓语，后面不能跟宾语，只有加上介词后才可接宾语。
2）英语中有些动词常常是既作及物动词又作不及物动词；既作连系动词又作及物动词。
例如：
He speaks English very well. (vt.)
他英语讲得好。
He spoke at the meeting. （vi.）
另外，动词按其在句中能否作谓语，又可分为谓语动词（finite verb）和非谓语动词（non-finite verb）两大类。
说明：
谓语动词又称限定动词，非谓语动词又称非限定动词。
非谓语动词初中阶段主要学习动词不定式的用法。
2．动词的基本形式
英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式。如：work—worked—worked—working—works。它们的构成及形式详见下表。
形式
构成
例词
动词原形
不带to的动词不定式形式（也就是词典中一般给予的形式）
be, have, do, come
过去式与过去分词（规则变化）
1．在动词原形后加-ed
2．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加-ed
3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ed
work→worked
carry→carried
stop→stopped
现在分词
1．在动词原形后加-ing
2．以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing
3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ing
4．少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y，再加-ing
read→reading
write→writing
swim→swimming
die→dying
第三人称单数形式
1．在动词原形后加-s
2．以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词后加-es
3．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-es
run→runs
teach→teaches
wash→washes
go→goes
pass→passes
try→tries
stay→stays
说明：
1）词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音和元音后读[d]；在[t]和[d]后读[id]。
2）词尾-es或-s在[s ]、[z]、[t ]、[d ]后面读[iz]；在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音及元音后读[z]；在[t]，[d]后读[ts]、[dz]。
3）不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住。
二、动词的时态
在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的变化形式就叫做动词的时态。
初中阶段主要学习，掌握以下八种时态。
一、一般现在时其结构为： 1）主语为第一，二人称及第三人称复数时
肯定句 主语+动词原形+其它。
否定句 主语+don't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Do +主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+do+主语+动词原形+其它？
2）主语为第三人称单数时
肯定句 主语+动词第三人称单数 +其它。
否定句 主语+doesn't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Does+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+does+主语+动词原形+其它？
其作用为：1. 表示习惯性，经常性的动作；
2. 表示现在的状态与特征；
3. 表示普遍真理
其常用时间状语为often，always，usually，sometimes，everyday(week，year...),in the morning（afternoon，evening）等。
Ex . 1. _______ she _______ (go)to the libraryevery Sunday?
2.Theyoften _______(swim)in summer.
3.______(be)everyone here?
4.Theearth______(travel) round the sun.
二、一般过去时其结构为： 肯定句 主语+动词过去式+其它。
否定句 主语+didn't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Did+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它？
其作用为：表示过去的情况或过去习惯性动作
其常用时间状语为 yesterday，the day before yesterday，...ago，last...及其它表过去的时间，如in 1998 等.
Ex. 1.I_____the number down on a piece ofpaper a moment ago.
Awrite Bwrited Cwrote D writing
2.Everything______ready before Father came.
Awere Bwas Cis D are
3.He always _______melast term.
Ahelped Bhelps Chelping D help
三、一般将来时其结构为： 肯定句 主语+will+动词原形+其它。
否定句 主语+won't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Will+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+will+主语+动词原形+其它？
当主语是第一人称时，助动词可为 shall.且若为疑问句只能为shall.
其作用为:表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态.
也可用 主语+am，is，are＋goingto do+动词原形+其它来表示计划，打算或决定要做的事情。
对于很快就会发生的事，还可用进行时态表将来，但常局限于有位置移动色彩的动词，如go，come，leave等。
其常用时间状语为 tomorrow，the day after tomorrow，next...，in+时间段及其它表将来的时间，如in 2010 等.
Ex. 1.Hurry up，oryou_______(be)late.
2.What_____you________(do)tomorrow?
3.They_______(have) 6 subjects next term.
4.I thinkit________ again later in the day .
Arains B will going to rain C is going to rain D willbe rain
5.Where________thistime next year?
A will yoube B will be you C you willbe D will you going tobe
四、现在进行时其结构为: 肯定句 主语+ am，is，are+现在分词+其他.
否定句 主语+am，is，are +not+现在分词+其他.
一般疑问句 Am，Is，Are+主语+现在分词+其他?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+am，is，are+主语+现在分词+其他?
其作用为:表示说话当时正在发生的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作
其常用时间状语为 now，this week，these days 等,也可是置于句首的 Look，Listen.
现在进行时也可表示最近按计划安排将进行的动作,常会有一个表将来的时间状语。但仅限于少量词语，如go，come，leave，arrive等。
注：表态度,情感的动词和感官动词不能用于进行时态（like，know，want，hear等）
Ex. 1.They are planting trees on the hill. （改为否定句）
2.Tom is writinga letter to his friend. (改为一般疑问句)
3.I am gettingready to run. (就划线部分提问)
五、过去进行时
其结构为: 肯定句 主语+was，were+现在分词+其他.
否定句 主语+was，were＋not＋现在分词+其他.
一般疑问句 Was，Were+主语+现在分词+其他?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+was，were+主语+现在分词+其他?
其作用为：表示过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作。
其时间状语为：at this time＋过去时间 (at this time yesterday)，atthat time， at＋具体时间点+过去时间（at 9:00 o'clock last night），from 具体时间点 to 具体时间点+过去时间(from 7:00 to 10:00 yesterday morning)。
过去进行时还可以与一般过去时搭配用于时间状语从句中。强调动作延续时用过去进行时，强调动作瞬间发生时用一般过去时。常用连词为when，while.
Ex. 1.He __________(not work) at thattime.
2.When theteacher_________(come)in，they_________(talk) loudly.
3.What______you_______(read) last night?
4.His mother________(return)while he_______(do)his homework.
5.Myfather______(watch)TV while my mother_________(cook).
六、现在完成时其结构为：肯定句 主语+have，has +过去分词+其它。
否定句 主语+have，has +not+过去分词+其它。
一般疑问句 Have，Has+主语+过去分词+其它?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+ have，has+主语+过去分词+其它?
其作用与时间状语：
1）表示过去发生的动作影响到现在，常与 already, yet, ever, never, just, before 等副词连用。
2）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，常与表一段时间的时间状语连用。如 for+时间段, since+过去时间，提问用How long.
此外，so far, in (during) the last (past)+时间段 也是该时态的时间状语。
现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系，而一般过去时只强调过去的动作，与现在无关。
在现在完成时的第二个作用中，必须使用持续性动词，故某些表瞬间的动词需要特定的转换形式。
如：die---havebeendead open---have been open
close---have beenclosed buy---have had
borrow---havekept arrive (in，at),come(to)+ a place---have been in +a place，leave+a place---have been away from+ a place
join+团体---have been in+团体,have been a+团体成员等
Ex. 1 How long have you ______the book?
Aborrowed Bkept Clent D bought
2.We _________each other since he ______.
A didn'tsee，left B haven't seen，has left C haven't seen，left
3.____he______(wait) for you for an hour?
4.We________just______(have) ourlunch.
5.So far, noman_________(visit) thisvillage.
七、过去将来时其结构为：be动词 肯定句 主语+would be+其它。
否定句 主语+would not be+其它。
一般疑问句 Would+主语+be+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+would+主语+be+其它？
实意动词 肯定句 主语+Would+动词原形+其它。
否定句 主语+wouldn't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Would+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+would+主语+动词原形+其它？
注：也可用 was，were＋going to do 的结构来表示。
其作用为:表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情.此时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。
Ex. 1.Linda told me that she________(go)to thepark the next day.
2.We didn't knowwhen he________(arrive)until he called us.
3.They asked if they ________(visit )thefarm by bus.
八、过去完成时
其结构为：肯定句 主语+had + 过去分词+其它。
否定句 主语+had + not+过去分词+其它。
一般疑问句 Had+ 主语+ 过去分词+其它?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+ had+ 主语+过去分词+其它?
其作用为：过去某时之前已发生的动作或情况，即过去的过去，与现在无关。
此时态常用于
1）以by，before+过去时间，时间段+before，the(week...)before为时间状语的简单句中。
2）主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。
3）与一般过去时搭配，用于when，after，before引导的时间状语从句中
Ex. 1.We ____(be) there twice by the end of lastyear.
2.They_________(finish)the work before1998.
3.He said he________(see) the film the week before.
4.Thesun________(rise) when he got up.
5.Yesterday,I________(leave)the classroom after I ______(clean) it.
现在完成时中，关于终止性动词与持续性动词的要求，在过去完成时中，依然适用。
三、随堂监测A组
单项选择：
1. Look! There _________ some apples in that tree.
A.is B.was C. are D. were
2．We'll have to clean the plates before Mother_________ home.
A. willcome B. is coming C. come D.comes
3．—Will your mother _________ you if you _________the English exam?
—Of course not. Because I am trying my best.
A. be angry with; don'tpass B. be angry with; won't pass
C. be angry to; don'tpass D. be angry to; won't pass
4．I'm sorry you've missed the train, it _________10 minutes ago.
A.left B. hasleft C. had left D. hasbeen left
5. I don't think I _________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen B. was seeing C.saw D. see
6. _________ you _________ to the radio? —No, you can turnit off.
A. Did;listen B. Have; listened C. Do;listen D. Are; listening
7. —Where's Mr Lee? I have something unusual to tell him.
—You _________ find him. He _________ Japan.
A. may not; has goneto B. may not; has been to
C. can't; has goneto D. can't; has been to
8. —I won't come to the party unless Sue _________, too.
—You mean if Sue comes you'll come?
A. willinvite B.invites C. invited D.is invited
9. The world _________. Things never stay the same.
A.changes B. is changing C.was changing D. will change
10. —Excuse me, does Mr Smith's son live here?
—He _________ live here, but he has moved.
A. hasto B. usedto C. tried to D. happened to
11. The children planted more threes and flowers after they_________ Greener China.
A.joined B. took part in C.became D.were
12. —Where's Mr Zhang? —He _________ London.
A. has beento B. hasbeen C.has gone D.has gone to
13. —Do you know if he _________ to play basketball withus?
—I think he will come if he _________ free tomorrow.
A. comes;is B. comes; will be
C. will come;is D.will come; will be
14. —May I speak toMabel, please? —Sorry. She's _________ Pairs.
A. gonein B. beenin C. gone to D.been to
15. My pen friend Phillip _________ to see me from Australia. He will be here soon.
A.comes B.came C. has come D. is coming
16. I won't go to the concert because I _________ myticket.
A.lost B. don'tlose C. have lost D. iscoming
17. —Do you know Jack well? —Certainly, we _________friends since ten years ago.
A.were B. havemade C. have become D. have been
18. —Where is Jim? —He ______ to the shop. He'll back in anhour.
A. goes B.go C. has gone D. will go
19. —Excuse me, look at the sign NO PHOTOS! —Sorry, I________ it.
A. don'tsee B. didn'tsee C. haven't seen D. won't see
20. Jim's father said to him, "I hope you ________what I ________ you to buy."
A. didn't forget;told B. not to forget; have told
C. won't forget; havetold D. haven't forgotten; will tell
21. I like my new bike. It ________ very well.
A.rides B. isriding C. is ridden D. hasridden
22. A lot of trees ________ along the river last year.
A.planted B. areplanted C. were planted
23. These books ________ out of the reading room. You haveto read them here.
A. must betaken B. can'ttake C. can take D. mustn't betaken
24. — Whose CD player is this? —It's mine. It ________ me800 yuan.
A. took B.spent C. paid D. cost
25. —May I ________ you Chinese-English dictionary? —Sorry,I ________ it at home?
A. borrow;forgot B.lend;left C. lend; forgot D. borrow; left
26. Can you ________ a little French?
A.say B.talk C.speak D. tell
27. The internet ________ it easy go get much newinformation in a short time.
A.finds B. makes C.feels D. takes
28. —Do you like the music The Moonlight Sonata? —Yes, it________ really beautiful.
A.feels B.sounds C. listens D. hears
29. Alice, we are going to spend our holiday in Canada，ifyou ________, we can go to China instead.
A.hope B.wish C. prefer D. agree
30. —Hello! Would you like to go to the concert with metonight?
—I'm sorry I can't Mother won't ________ me to go out inthe evening.
A.let B.allow C.offer D. ask
31. It's too dark here. Please ________ the light.
A. turnback B. turndown C. turn on D. turn off
32. After finishing your paper, look it over to ________there are no mistakes.
A. findout B. tryout C. make sure D. think about
33. The baby is sleeping. Please ________ the radio alittle.
A. turn down B. turnup C. turn on D. turn off
34. —Look! The bus is coming.
—But there are too many people. We can't ________ it.
A. getoff B. getdown C. get on D. get up
35. Don't ________ your coat, Tom! It's easy to catch acold in spring.
A. takeaway B. takeoff C. take down D. take out
36. The trees must ________ three times a week.
A.water B. iswatering C. be watered D. waters
四、随堂监测B组
II．用所给词的适当形式填空：
1 They ________ (visit) the museum last week.
2. Zhang Hong ________ (make) many friends since she cameto Paris.
3. She ________ (go)to the cinema with her classmatestomorrow evening.
4. John is always busy. He ________ (sleep) only six hoursvery night.
5. Stay here; boy; don't go out. It ________ (rain) now.
6. She often ________ (do) her lessons after supper.
7. Hurry up! The train ________ (leave) in five minutes.
8. They ________ (arrive) in London on the night of April30, 1989.
9. While we ________ (talk) in the room, the light suddenlywent out
10. They ________ (learn) about 200 English words sincethis term.
11. The meeting ________ already ________ (start) when wegot there.
12. He ________ (work) hard at English every day.
13. Put on your coat. The wind ________ (blow) hard outsidenow.
14. I ________ (not finish) my homework yet.
15. He ________ (must send) to the hospital at once.
16. By the end of last year we ________ (plant) 1,500trees.
17. She ________ (play) the piano when I went to see herlast night.
18. I'll tell him about i8t as soon as I ________ (see)him.
19. She isn't at home, she ________ (go) to Shanghai.
20. ________ you ________ (get) up early every morning thisyear?
21. The film ________ (be) on for five minutes when I gotto the cinema.
22. He said that light ________ (ravel) much faster thansound.
23. How many Chinese words ________ Mike ________ (learn)since he got to Beijing?
24. The earth ________ (move) around the sun.
25. The teacher said he ________ (give) us a talk onhistory soon.
26. All the students ________ (plant) trees tomorrow.
27. Please ________ (not shout) here, the baby is sleeping.
28. We were sure that he ________ (can work) out theproblem.
29. The singer said she ________ (not sing) twice in oneevening.
30. We are sure he will come to see us before he ________(leave) Tianjin.
31. Look! The Yong Pioneers ________ (pant) trees on the hill.
32. Mr Wang ________ (not give) us a talk last Monday.
33. They ________ (play) basketball this time yesterday.
34. He said that they ________ (clean) the classroom thenext day.
35. We often________ (have) an English party on Saturday evenings.
36. He ________ (joint) the army a few years ago.
37. I'll tell him the news as soon as he ________ (come)back.
38. Tom always ________ (think) much of others, but littleof himself.
39. Mr Black, together with his students, ________ (visit)the Science Museum now.
40. There ________ (be) a League meeting the day aftertomorrow.
41. My brother ________ (be) away form home for threeyears.
42. When Black got to the classroom, the first class________ (begin).
43. I don't know if he ________ (come). If he ________(come), please let me know.
44. Tom said, "This pair of trousers ________ (be)mine!"
45. The story ________ (take) place in 1985.
46. —Where is your uncle?
—He________ (go) to the bank.
47. I usually ________ (do) my homework in the evening.
48. If it ________ (not rain) tomorrow, the League membersof class ________ (plant) trees around the lake?
49. I ________ (finish) my homework by half past eight lastnight.
50. —What's in the lake?
—Some boys ________ (swim) in the lake.
51. The USA ________ (attack) Iraq (伊拉克) in March, 2003.
52. My brother likes English very much, and he ________(practice) reading every morning.
宾语从句
宾语从句：充当宾语的句子
对宾语从句应注意以下三要素：
1. 引导词 2. 语序 3. 时态
1. 引导词
1)that引导一般疑问句意义的宾从(that可省)
eg. He says (that) the boy is a lilltleweak in Chinese.
2)疑问词引导特殊疑问句意义的宾从
eg. ①.Do you know who will give us a talk?
②.Idon’t know whose book that is.
③.Couldyou please tell which gate we have to go to?
④.Iwonder when he will come back.
注意：此类宾从的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）相同时，可替换为“疑问词 + to do”
eg. ①.I haven’t decided where I will go
=I haven’t decided whereto go
②.Heasked me what I bought
= He asked me what tobuy.
类似短语：howto do _____what to say_____
what to do_____where to go____
3)if/whether(是否)引导一般疑问句意义的宾从
eg. ①.“Do you like this book?” she asked me.
=She asked me ___ I likedthis book.
②.“Have you visited the GreatWall?” Could you tell me?
=Could you tell me _____ youhave visited the Great Wall?
注意以下几点：
ⅰ.区别if当作“是否”，还是“如果”
eg. I don’t know if he ______ (come)if it______(rain) tomorrow.
ⅱ.用whether不用if的几种情况
1)后接不定式
eg. I can’t decide whether to go to Beijing.
2)与or / or not连用
eg. I want to know whether you will go tothe park or not.
3)在句首时
eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’tsay.
4)whether还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”
eg. Whether it rains or not, we are goingto the park tomorrow.
2.语序：宾从用陈述句语序
eg. 1)I don’t (A) know whether(B) will he (C) come (D)tomorrow. _____________
2)He asks (A) me when(B) will you (C) come back(D). _____________
3)Could you tell (A)how many players (B) are there (C) in (D) a football team?________
3.时态
主句
宾语从句
一般现在时
一切时态
一般过去时
过去范畴的某一时态（一般过去时；过去进行时；过去完成时；过去将来时）
但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。
eg. She said (that) the sun rises in theeast.
三、随堂监测A组
I. 选择填空:
1. Did you hear ______?
A. what did I say B.what I said C. I saidwhat D. what I say
2. Can you tell me ________?
A. which class you are in B.which class are you in
C. you are in which class D.are you in which class
3. ---Excuse me. Could you tell me _______?--- Certainly.
A. when can I get to the station B.I can get to which station
C. which station can I get to D.how I can get to the station
4. Could you tell me where _______yesterday?
A. did you go B.you go C.you have gone D. you went
5. Tom asked me ________.
A. whose shirt was this B.whose shirt this was
C. who shirt was this D.who shirt this was
6. Excuse me, could you tell me _______?
A. where’s the teachers’ office B.where’s the bus station
C. what’s she doing D.where the post office is
7. I want to see Mrs. Wang , but I don’tknow _______.
A. she lives where B.she where lives C. where shelives D. where does she live
8. --- Go and ask Mr. White for help. ---But I don’t know _______.
A. where does he live B.where he lives
C. where is he living D.he lives there
9. --- Can you tell me ______? --- Yes, helives in a small town.
A. where he lives B.who is singing C. when hewill leave D. what he said
10. Have you decided ______ for London?
A. when will you leave B.when you will leave
C. when are you going D.when you are going
11. Excuse me. Could you tell me ______ourtickets?
A. where do we show B.where shall we show
C. where did we show D.where we shall show
12. --- What are you interested in aboutcooking food? --- We are all interested in ______.
A. how egg is fried B. how is egg fried C. how eggfries D. how does egg fry
13. Do you know _______?
A. what it is B.what is it C.who is he D.whose name is it
14. Do you know _______?
A. whose book is this B.whose book this is
C. this book is whose D. who’s book this is
15. I don’t know ______ now.
A. where is my cat B. my cat is where C. where my cat is D. where my cat
16. Does he know ______?
A. what’s your name B.what name is your
C. what your is name D.what your name is
17. Do you know ______?
A. which floor he lives B.which floor he lives on
C. he lives on which floor D.which floor does he lives on
18. Can you tell me where _______?
A. is the hospital B.the hospital is C. is hospital D.hospital is
19. He hasn’t decided _______.
A. if he’ll go on a trip to Wuxi B.when will he go on a trip to Wuxi
C. if he goes on a trip to Wuxi D.when does he go on a trip to Wuxi
20. Can you see ________?
A. what he’s reading B.what is he reading
C. what does he read D.he reads what
四、随堂监测B组
中考题集：
1. --- When are the Shutes leaving for New York?
---Pardon?
--- I asked_______.
A. when are the Shutes leaving for New York B.when the Shutes are leaving for New York
C. when were the Shutes leaving for NewYork D. when the Shutes were leaving for New York
2. Could you tell me ______? I have somethinginteresting to tell him.
A. where is LiHong B. where Li Hong is
C. where was LiHong D.where Li Hong has been to
3. --- Could you tell me _______?
A. how manypeople have been out of hospital B. when is Thanksgiving
C. which animaldoes he like best D. what time will the dolphin show start
4. I want to know _______.
A. what is hisname B. what’s his name
C. that his nameis D.what his name is
5. He asked me ________.
A. if she willcome B.how many books I want to have
C. they wouldhelp us do it D. what was wrong with me
6. Do you still remember ______ at the meeting?
A. that Jim said B. what Jim said C.did Jim said that D. what did Jimsaid
7. --- Excuse me, ______ to the nearest bookshop, please?
--- Go straightand take the second turning on the left.
A. where the wayis B. which the way is C.where is the way D. which is the way
8. Mike, go and see who ______ football on the playground.
A. is playing B.plays C.played D.were playing
9. The woman still doesn’t know what ______ in her hometown whileshe was away.
A. happens B.happened C.will happen D. washappened
10. --- Can I help you? --- Yes. I’d like aticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me ______take to get there?
A. how soon willit B. how soon it will C.how long it will D. how longwill it
11. --- I hear we’ll have a new teacher this term. ---Really? Do you know ______?
A. what subjectdoes he teach B.what subject will he teach
C. what subjecthe teaches D.what subject is he going to teach
12. He asked his teacher _______.
A. if there wasa monster in Loch Ness B.when was Albert Einstein born
C. how would the scientists find out theresult D.where could he find the library
13. Do you know ______ over there?
A. what happens B.what was happened
C. what ishappening D.what did happen
14. --- Do you know ______ we will arrive at your hometown? --- Thisafternoon.
A. when B.why C.if D.where
15. Could you tell me ______ to Mount Putuo tomorrow?
A. how you willgo B.how will you go
C. how you havegone D.how have you gone
16. Could you tell me ______?
A. which room helives B.which room he lived
C. which roomdid he live in D.which room he lives in
17. --- Do you know ______ he is? --- Hesays “1.75 metres”, but I’m not sure.
A. how many B.how old C.how far D.how tall
18. She said she _______ me five letters inone month.
A. has written B. will write C.had written D.wrote
19. Can you tell me ______ she is waitingfor?
A. why B.whose C.whom D.which
20. I don’t know ______ he still liveshere.
A. where B.what C.when D.whether
21. --- Be careful! Don’t break thebottles. Do you hear ______ I said, David? --- Yes, mum.
A. what B. that C.why D.if
22. I’d like to know ______.
A. when will he give back the tape B.whether has he received higher education
C. that he has been busy D.whether she will join in our English evening
23. Could you tell me _______?
A. when shall we start B.who are you waiting for
C. where the bus station is D.why were you late
24. --- Do you know _______? I’m going tosee him. --- Sorry, I don’t know.
A. where does Mr. Li live B.where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives D.where Mr. Li lived
25. He asked me ______.
A. who did kick the first goal in the WorldCup B.when was the APEC meeting held
C. when China became a member of the WTO D.where will the 2008 Olympics be held
26. She wanted to know _____ her motherliked the present.
A. which B.that C.if D.what
27. Could you tell me _______?
A. who is she B.where’s the nearest fast restaurant
C. if he will come tomorrow D.which way is to the underground station
28. Do you know if ______ back next week?If he ______ back, please let me know.
A. he comes, will come B.will he come, comes
C. he will come, comes D.will he come, will come
29. --- Can you tell me why ______? ---Because I want to help the people there.
A. do you go to Tibet B.did you go to Tibet
C. are you going to Tibet D.you are going to Tibet
30. --- Where does he come from? ---Pardon? --- I asked where ______.
A. did he come from B.he came from
C. he comes from D.does he come from
31. You must remember _______.
A. what your teacher said B.what did your teacher say
C. your teacher said what D.what has your teacher said
32. Lily likes _____.
A. what her twin sister like B.what her twin sister does
C. what is her twin sister like D.what does her twin sister do
33. --- Excuse me. Could you tell me ______get to the plane?
--- Certainly. Go straight along here.
A. how can we B.how we can C.when can we D.when we can
34. Do you know what time _______?
A. does the train leave B.leaves the train
C. the train leave D.the train leaves
35. --- I don’t know _____ Mr. Green willcome to see us?
--- He will help us with our English.
A. why B.when C.how D.where
定语从句：在句中作定语的句子，它修饰一个名词或代词，这个被修饰的名词、代词叫做先行词。
一、引导词（关系词）：位于从句与先行词之间，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当一定的成分。先行词分两类：1.关系代词who（作主语）, whom（作宾语）, whose（作定语）, which（作主语、宾语）, that（作主语、宾语）. 2.关系副词when, where, why.
注意：1.如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略.
eg. The trees (that) we have planted growwell.
2.关系代词作宾语时，可放在介词后。 但当关系代词是that时，则不能放在介词后。eg. This is the house in which LuXun once lived
= This is thehouse which Lu Xun once lived in.
=This is thehouse that Lu Xun once lived in
二、如何选用引导词：一般情况引导词的选用是受先行词决定的——先行词是人时用that, who , whom , whose; 先行词是物时用that , which; 先行词是时间、地点时用when , where.
eg. 1)The boy who / that is standingunder the tree is Jim. 站在树下的那个男孩时Jim.
2)Do you know the girl whosemother is a driver? 你认识那个妈妈是司机的女孩吗？
3)Have you been to the factorywhere your father works? 你去过你爸爸工作的工厂吗？
但注意区别who/ that (指人)；which / that (指物)
1.修饰人只用who的情况：
a. 先行词是one , ones , anyone , those 时。
b. there be句型中修饰名词时。
c. 先行词后有一个较长的定语。
eg.1)Anyone who hasn’t handed in hishome- work should stay after school. 没交作业的任何人放学后都要留下。
2)There is a girl who wants tosee you at the school gate. 校门口有位想见你的女孩。
3)Did you see the man in the parkyesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 昨天下午在公园你见过那个穿红衬衫的人吗？
2.修饰人或物只用that的情况：
a. 先行词为指物的不定代词all , much , little, few , everything ,something , anything , nothing
b.先行词前有最高级、序数词及last , only , very , all , no时
c. 先行词既有人，又有物时
d. 主句是who / which引导的特殊疑问句，而先行词又指人或物时。
eg.1)Is there anything that I can dofor you? 有让我做的事吗？
2)He is the only one that canhelp us at the moment. 他是现在能帮助我们的唯一的人。
3)He talked about the teachers andschools that he had visited. 他谈论着他拜访过的老师和参观过的学校。
4)Which is the machine that weused last Sunday? 我们上周星期天用过的机器是哪一台？
3.修饰物只用which的情况：
a. 先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时
b. 先行词为that时
eg.1)This is the house in which LuXun once lived . 这就是鲁迅以前住过的房子。
2)What’s that which you areholding in your arms? 你抱着的那个是什么？
*三、定语从句可简化为短语
1．定语从句为被动语态时可简化为过去分词短语；定语从句为现在进行时可简化为现在分词短语。
2．定语从句的谓语(be)后是介词短语，可简化为介词短语作定语。
3．定语从句的谓语动词含情态动词，可简化为不定式。
eg.1)I bought a book that was written by LuXun.
= I bought a book written by Lu Xun.
2)Tell the children who are playingthere not to do that.
= Tell the children playing there not to dothat.
3)The book that is on the table ismine.
= The book on the table is mine.
4) We have nothing that we shouldfear.
= We have nothing to fear.
练 习
一、用适当的关系代词填空
1.Is it the very house ________ you lived in ten years ago?
2.The woman _____ sits next to the door is my mother.
3.I’ll never forget the year _____ I joined the League.
4.It is the house _____ I was born.
5.The house ______ roof is broken has been repaired.
二、用短语来改写下面的定语从句部分。
1.The man that is talking with Mary is my brother.
______________________________________
__________________.
2.This is a book which was written by a worker
______________________________________
3.The student who is from Canada speaks French.
______________________________________
__________.
4.She has a lot of work that she must do.
_____________________________________
三、选择填空
( )1.The man ____ was a friend of mine.
A. that you just talked to
B. whom you just talked to him
C. who you just talked to him
D. which you just talked to
( )2.This is the best film ____hasbeen shown this year.
A. who B.that C. which D. when
( )3.Finally, the thief handedeverything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which B. what C.that D. in where
( )4.Mr. Li told us the stones andwriters ____ interested him
A. what B. who C.that D. which
( )5.My father still remembers theday ___ he joined the army.
A.when B. which
C. towhich D. from which
( )6.I’ll never forget the summerholidays ____ we spent together.
A. when B. in which C.which D. how
( )7—Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?
—Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C.where D. who
( )8.The letter _______ I receivedfrom him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C.what D. that
( )9.I hate people _______ talk muchbut do little.
A. whose B. whom C.which D. who
( )10.—Who is the man _______ was talking to our Englishteacher?
—Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our mathsteacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
( )11.I hate the people ________don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who B.which C. they D. where
( )12.George Mallory was an Englishschool teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. who B.whom C. he D. which
( )13.This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A.there B.when C. where D.which
( )14.Nobody knows the reason ______she didn’t come to the meeting.
A. that B.which C. why D. when
( )15.The moon is a world ___there isno life.
A. that B.which C. where D. why
( )16.He has forgotten the day ___ hearrived.
A. when B. where C.that D. which
( )17.He still remembers the days______ he spent with your family.
A. when B. where C.that D. on which
( )18.Mr. White, ______ car had beenstolen, came to the policeman.
A. who B.that C. whose D. which
( )19.He got to the village _______his family once lived before liberation.
A. that B. which C.when D. where
( )20.This is the house ______ I wantto buy.
A. in which B. that C.whose D. where
( )21.He didn’t tell me the place_______ he was born.
A. that B.which C. when D. where
( )22.He lived in a small village,______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. that B.which C. where D. when
反意疑问句
由“陈述句 + 附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。对附加疑问部分应注意以下几点： 1）主语只能用人称代词；2）附加疑问句的not必须与（be /助/情）缩写；3）附加疑问句的时态必须与陈述部分的时态一致。
eg.1)Tom is a work, isn’t Tom?(找错)_______
2)You can swim, can not you?(找错)______
3)He had lunch, doesn’t he?(找错)________
特别注意以下几种反意疑问句
1. 陈述部分含否定意味的词(few, little,
never, nothing, nobody, no, hardly,none)，附加疑问句应使用肯定形式（但前缀词unhappy, unlike, disappear等列外）
eg. They are unhappy, aren’t they?
2.陈述部分的主语是everything, something, nothing, anything时，附加疑问句的主语应用it；陈述部分的主语是everybody, somebody,nobody, everyone, no one时，附加疑问句的主语应用they。
eg.1)Everything is ready, ___________?
2)Everyone is here, ____________?
3.陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问句一般用：will you? 但注意：
Let’s … ,shall we?
Let us … ,will you?
4.陈述部分含must时，附加疑问句一般用needn’t.
eg. I must finish my work now, _________?
5.陈述部分是there be结构时，应用there be结构来完成。
eg. There’s little water, ___________
*6.陈述部分含宾语从句时，疑问部分通常与主句一致。但当主句的谓语动词是think, believe且主语是I , we时，即：
I / We think (believe) + 宾从，则附加问句应与从句一致。I’m sure + 宾从也是如此
eg.1)She said I did it, ____________?
2)We don’t think you are right,________?
3)I’m sure you’ll help me,____________?
*7.I’m… , aren’t I?
eg.I am older than you, __________?
8.陈述部分含had better, 疑问部分应用had better来回答。
eg. You’d better go out , ___________?
9.陈述部分是感叹句，附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致。
eg. 1)What a kind girl, __________?
2)What a fine day,___________?
练 习
( )1.You had to work for 10 hoursyesterday, _____?
A. didn’tyou B. did not you
C. had notyou D. did you
( )2.Don’t eat too much, ____?
A. will you B. don’t you C. do you D. canyou
( )3.Lily looks like Lucy, ____?
A. isLily B. isn’tshe
C. doesLily D. doesn’t she
( )4.—You didn’t change your mind,did you
--- ______.
A. No, Ididn’t B. Yes, did I
C. No, I did D. Yes, I didn’t
( )5.The woman hardly let herdaughter go to school, ____ she ?
A. does B. doesn’t C.did D. didn’t
( )6.Be sure to come to the parents’meeting on time, ____?
A. willyou B. aren’t you
C. can’tyou D. mustn’t you
( )7.Let’s have a good rest, ____?
A. willwe B. do we
C. shalln’twe D. shall we
( )8.He has never ridden a horsebefore, ___?
A. doeshe B. has he
C. hasn’the D. doesn’t
( )9.Tom has supper at school, ___?
A. hasn’the B. has he
C. doesn’the D. does he
( )10.There is little water in theglass, ___?
A. isn’tthere B. isn’t it
C. isit D.is there
简单句的五种句型
1.主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. He is working.
2.主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. We study English every day.
3.主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. Trees turn green.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get ; turn ; feel ; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).
特别注意：形容词常作表语
4.主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）
=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.
= I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a penyesterday.
= My mother bought a pen for me.
5.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim.
2)We must keep the window open.
3)He told me to washthe plates.
4)I saw a thief going intoyour room.
特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth
2)省to不定式作宾补，即：
(l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f)sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have ,help; 2看—see,watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补.
hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
Ⅱ、 知 识 要 点
1.问职业：
What be+ 主语？= What does /do +主语+do?
eg. Heis a teacher.（提问）
______ _____ he _____?
2.It’snice talking to you.与你谈话真高兴。
△3.表方式的短语
1)onfoot
2)by + 交通名词单数（无冠词）
=in / on a (the; 物主代词；名词所有格)
eg. 1)by bike = on a bike by car = in a car
2) He goes to work by a bike every day.(改错) _____________
must: 个人主观上认为“必须”（无时态变化）
4. have to : 有外部条件强加的客观上的“不得不” （存在各种时态）
eg. 1) I _________ stop on the waybecause of the rain.
2) I ______ stop because I’ma little tired.
△5.提建议
Shall we… ? 答 肯定：Good idea / OK /
Let’s… All right
Why not… ? 语 否定：No, let’s…
肯定：Certainly/ Yes,please/
另外还可回答为 Yes, I think so/ I’d love to
否定：No,I don’t think so /
I’m afraidnot.
put on强调“穿”的动作：穿上，戴上 后接
△6.. wear是 put on 之后的结果：穿着 “衣服”
= be in 名词
dress sb: 给某人穿衣
eg. 1)You’d better ____ more clothes whenyou go out. It’s cold outside.
A. wear B.dress C. put on D. take off
2)The boy can ________himself now.
A. wear B.dress C. put on D. take off
3) Tom is wearing ared shirt today.
A. is on B. is in C. is putting on
△7.在具体的某楼前用 on
eg. He lives on thefifteenth floor.
△8.How do you like… ? 你觉得……怎么样？
= What do you think of… ?
eg. How do you likethe new film? = What do you think of the new film? 你觉得这部新电影怎么样？
9.a little = a bit
但注意：1) a little+名词 = a bit of + 名词)
eg.There is a little(a bit of ) water in the glass.
2) not a little = very
not a bit = not at all
△
10. quite : quite a (an) + 形 + 名
very : a very+ 形 + 名
eg. This is a very interestingbook.
= This is quite aninteresting book.
11.in a hurry: 匆忙地
eg.1)He is in a hurry all day.
2)She went to school in a hurry.
另外：hurryto … = go to … in a hurry
12. marry sb = be married to sb.与某人结婚
get married = bemarried 已婚；结婚
（但getmarried是“短命”动词，要指“结婚多久”应用be married）
eg. 1)She married with a doctor (找错) ______
2)She has got married for tenyears (找错) __________
△
13. leave sth + 地点：把某物忘在某地
forget sth : 忘记某事
eg. 1)He ______ the driver’s licenseyesterday.
2)I ____ my umbrella in thetrain just now.
△14.感叹句
1）What (a, an) + 形 + 名（+主 + 谓）！
(注：但名词为不可数、复数时，则不用a / an)
2）How + 形 / 副 （ + 主 + 谓）！
eg.1)________ bad weather!
2)______ hard they are working!
3)______ good girl she is!
4)_____ beautiful flowers theyare!
“雨大，雪大”heavy---heavily/ hard
△15.“风大”strong ---strongly
“太阳大”bright---brightly
注意以上词的形、副区别
eg. 1)There was a __________ rainyesterday.
2)It blew ________ last night.
3)The sun is shining ___________.
4)Look! It’s raining __________.
5)What a ___________ wind!
how long: 多长时间（问时间段）
△16. how often: 多久一次（问频率）
how soon = when: 何时（问将来时间）
eg.1)--________ does he go home?
-- Once aweek.
2)--________ were you away fromschool last year? --Less than a week.
3)--________ will he come back?
--In two days.
eg. 1)I didn’t go to the cinema. _____ Iwent to the library yesterday.
2)We would like to stay atschool _______ going to the cinema today.
△18.so 句型
so + be(助、情) + 主语：“也如此”
so + 主语 + be(助、情)：“的确如此”
eg.1)I watched TV last night, and so didshe.
昨晚我看了电视，她也看了。
2)I watch TV every day, and sodoes he.
我每天看电视，他也如此。
3)I can swim, so I can.
我会游泳，真的是这样。
注意：表示“也不如此”用neither / nor
eg. I didn’t watch TV last night, neitherdid she
△19.指路与问路
问路
1)Excuse me. Could you tell me …
how I can get to ….
how to get to …
the way to …
2)Excuse me. Which is the way to…
指路
1)Go down / up / along this road and…
go还可替换为walk
2)Go down / up / along to the end.
3)Go on until you reach the end.
4)Take the … turning on the left.
= Turn left at the … turning.
5)Go across the bridge
△20.
eg.1)He’s sick / ill in hospital.
2)A nurse (A) must take(B) good (C) care of ill (D) men. （选错） _____________
△21.
eg.1)__________ he is a student.
2)He ___________ a student.
△22.
类似结构
△23.到达
但当后不接地点时，只能用arrive
eg.1)She ____ Shanghai last night.
A. reached to B. got C. arrived in D.arrived at
2)They ____ there in time at last.
A. reached to B. arrived C. got to D.arrived at
1) I’ll ring you up as soon as he_____(到达).
eg.1)She is_____________ girl.
2)Do you feel ______ when you are_____?
3)The old man live in a house________.
eg. I have (A) many (B)work to do (C)______
△
eg.1)He gave us _________ money.
2)She is ___________ young.
△
eg.1)Please ____ your exercise book heretomorrow.
2)Meimei often helps the old man _____water.
eg. –-I looked for mypen___________, but I couldn’t find it ____________.
---Don’t worry. Sooner or later you’ll find it_________.
30.to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是……
类似结构：toone’s joy 使某人高兴的是……
eg. To our great surprise, she could swimin the river. 使我们惊奇的是，他能在河里游泳。
31. agree with : 同意某人（或某人所说的）
agree to : 同意某事
eg. 1)He agree ___ my plan.
2)I agree ____ what you said.
32.be on … team: 参加……队；是……的队员
eg. He is on thecity basketball team.
他是市篮球队队员。
△33.teach sb+科目（当sb是人称代词时应用宾格）
eg. Heteaches our English(改错) __________
△34.the 100-metre race 100米赛跑
100-metre作定语，修饰race, 注意metre用单数。 类似结构：
①atwo-thousand-word letter一封两千字的信
②an18-year-old girl一位18岁的女孩
另外有时还可用所有格形式来表达：
100-metre race = 100 metres’ race
two-month holiday = two months’ holiday
但当前面有a/an ; 物主代词；所有格时。则只能用复合形容词来表示：
eg. What did the headmaster say aboutJim’s ______.
A. two months holidayB. Two months’ holiday
C. two-month holiday D. two moth’sholiday
35.problem与question
question: 指人们主观上产生而提出等待回答的问题。常与ask , answer连用
problem: 指客观上存在等待解决的问题着重指“难题”。常与solve , work out连用
1) We must find out a good way to solve the______.
2) You can answer the _____ in your ownwords.
borrow: 借进 borrow … from从…借
△36. lend: 借出 lend sb sth = lend sth to sb
把某物借给某人
keep: 保存；借（多久）（与时间段连用）
1)Jack ____ me his bike last week.
2)You can _____ the book from me, but youcan ____ it for only one week.
△37.It’s +adj + of / for sb to do sth.
当形容词用于修饰人时，介词用of. 常见的此类形容词有：kind ; good ; clever ; careful ; polite ; right ; wrong. 其余情况用for.
1)It’s very clever ____ you to do that.
2)It’s hard ____ me to work out theproblem.
△
38. more: 另外的；额外的（放在数量词之后）
another: 再一（另一…）（放在数量词之前）
1)May I have two _____ apples?
2)May I borrow _______ one book?
used to + 动原: 过去常常做…
△39. be used to + 动原: 被用于做…
be / getused to sth : 习惯于某事
1)He used to be late for school.
2)The knife is used to cut things.
3)He is uesd to hard work.
other: 放在被修饰词之前
△40. else: 放在被修饰词之后，一般修饰不定代词和疑问词
1)other students别的学生
2)anybody else. 其它任何人
what else. 别的什么
△41. so + 形/副
such + 形 + 名
但注意：
1) so +形+a / an + 单名= such a /an +形 +单名
2)so (many / much / few / little) + 名
3)so… that ; such … that如此…以致…
① Itwas ____ bad weather.
② Thereare ____ many poor in the country.
③ ____few animals eat ____ much grass.
④ Thiscity is ____ old, you’d better visit it.
⑤ It’s______ important party ____ I can’t miss it.
have / has been to: 曾经去过…
△42. have / has gone to: 已经去了…
have / has beenin: 已在…(多久)
注意：1)后接地点副词here, there , home时应省介词
2)与时间段连用只用have /has been in
① --Where’s Tom?
--He ______________ Beijing.
② I ______ Beijing severaltimes.
③ She ________ Chengdu for twoyears.
④ He __________ there twice.
△43.“短命”动词 “长命”动词
buy—have ; borrow—keep ; die—be dead ;leave—be away (from); come back—be back; fall asleep—be asleep ; open—be open ;
catch a cold—have a cold; go /get out—beout;
arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—be in +地点；join—be in +集体（或be + 成员）；
turn on—be on; turn off—be off ;
get a letter from—have a letter from.
end /finish—be over ; get up—be up ;
1) He has (A) bought (B) thefridge (C) for (D) twoyears. _________
2)How long (A) may (B) I borrow(C) the (D)book? _________
3)The film (A) has begun (B)for five minutes(C). _________
4)Tom has got (A) the letter (B)from (C) Jim for two days(D). __________
5)I have (A) caught (B) acold since two years ago(C). ____________
6)He has (A) come to (B) Beijingfor ten years(C) ___________
7)My brother (A) has joined(B) the army (C) for (D) fiveyears. ___________
44. except: 除…以外（不包括除去的部分）
besides: 除了…，还有…（包括除去的部分）
1) We go to school every day except Sunday.
该句意味着：
We go to school from Monday toSaturday.
2)We all went to the park besides Li Lei.
该句意味着：
We went to the park, and Li Leiwent, too.
take: It takesb sometime to do sth.
△45.
主语
pay (money) forsth 是人
buy sth for +money
cost: sth costsb + money 主语是物
1)I _____ ten yuan on the book.
2)I _____ ten yuan for the book.
3)The book _____ me ten yuan.
4)I _____ the book for ten yuan.
5)It _____ me an hour to do the mathsproblem
sometime: 某时(与将来时连用)
△46 sometimes: 有时（一般现在时
some time: 一些时候(表时间段)
some times:几次
eg. 1)He _______ (go) to Beijing sometimenext week.
2)I _______(be) to Beijing some times.
47.be to do: 表将来
There is to be a sports meeting next Saturday.
△48.计量：表事物的“长、宽、高、深、远、厚”用 “long ; wide ; high / tall ; deep ; away ; thick.
1)Mr Green is nearly two metres ________
2)The ice is about one metre _________.
3)Our classroom is about twelve metres______and eight metres __________.
△49.population：不可数名词。指人口的多少用“large / big或small”；询问人口的多少用what.
1)What’s the population of Germany?
德国的人口是多少？
2)China has a largepopulation.中国人口众多
3)The population (A) of (B) Japanis less (C) than that (D) of India. ____________
另外注意：
表示“有…人口”用have a population of .
Now China has a population of more than onebillion. 现在中国有十亿多人口。
eg. make room for: 为…腾出空间
51.seem的用法：
1)seem + adj = seem to be + adj
He seems very angry = He seems to be angry.
2)seem to do
It seems to rain tomorrow.明天似乎要下雨。
3)It seems + that从句
It seems that you are right.你似乎是对的。
1)He talked as if he knew all about it.
他说话的口气好象已经全知道了此事。
2)He opened his mouth as if to saysomething.
他开口似乎要说什么。
1)We____ them 5 to 3.
2)In the end we _____ the match.
interested;excited;surprised主语是人。指某
△53.人对…感兴趣/感到兴奋/感到惊奇（只作表语）
interesting;excited;surprising主语是物。指
某物有趣/令人兴奋/使人惊奇（可作定、表语）
1)It’s an ________football game.
2)I’m ________ in music.
1)作情态动词，用于否、疑句
△54.need 2)作实义动词 need to do(表主动)
need doing(表被动)
1)You needn’t go home now.
2)The bike needs mending.
3)I need to go home now.
△55. alive: 活着的；在世的（常作后置定语）
living: 活着的；没死的（常作前置定语）
1)Both plants and animals are _______thing.
2)No one ______ will believe it.
△56.否定前移的动词：think , believe , expect , suppose.
1)I didn’t expect their team would win.
我希望他们的对不会赢。
2)I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
我认为明天他不会来。
look at: （有意识地）看…
△57. see: （look at之后的结果）看见
read: 看（书、报等）
watch: 看（电视、比赛等）
另外注意：1)seea film看电影
2)see a doctor看医生
1)I often ______ newspaper after suppe.
2)He _____ the picture, and ____ some treesin it.
△58. listen to :（有意识地）听…
hear: （listento之后的结果）听见
He wasvery sorry to ________ the bad news.
look for:（强调“找”的动作）寻找
△59. find: （look for之后的结果）找到
find out: (经过努力、周折)查出，找出（真相等）
They are ___________ their lost horse.
A. finding B. lookingfor C. finding out
△60. hope: (可能实现的)愿望
wish: (难以实现的)愿望
另外注意：1)wishto do sth = hope to do sth
2)wish sb to do sth ( )
hope sb to do sth( ╳ )
( )I _____ you to come to schoolearlier next time. A. wish B.hope C. wants
①enough：放在形、副之后. goodenough
△61. ②修饰不定代词(something, anything, nothing)的词应后置。
③else修饰不定代词和疑问词应后置）
1)I have something importantto tell you.
2)He didn’t run fast enoughto catch up with Tom.
had better +动原 否定had better not +动原
△
62 Will / Would you please +动原？
Will / Would youplease not + 动原？
Will you please not talk inclass?
△63. What’s theweather like …? …的天气
= How’s theweather … ? 怎么样？
△64. find +宾 +形：觉得…怎么样
find it +形 +to do: 觉得做…怎么样
类似用法还有make, think等
1)I find the question ___________(容易).
2)I think it important to learn Englis.
△65. a number of +复名：许多，一些(作主为复)
the number of: …的数目/号码(作主为三单)
The number of the students in our classis 50.
too: 句末 用于肯定句
△66. also: 句中 “也”
either: 否定句末“也不”
1)I don’t like reading, she doesn’t ,______.
2)Tom is fourteen. Jim is _____fourteen.
△67. already , just: 肯助后
yet: 否、疑末
1)I have already had lunch.
2)I haven’t had lunch yet.
68. live: (长时间的)居住
stay: (短时间的)居住
eg. He lives in Changsha, but he’s going to stay in Shanghai for a few days.
一．名词
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
_______名词：表示_______、________、_______、________等。如_________________________ .
1．名词 ______名词：_______________________。如___________________________ . 可数名词
______名词：________________的总称。如________________________ .
_____名词
_______名词：_______________________。如 _________________________ .
_______名词：________________________。如 ________________________. 不可数名词
2. 可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况
构成方法
例词
读音
一般情况
_________________
-s在请辅音后发[s]音
-s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词
es发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词
-ies发[iz]音
以f或fe 结尾的词
-ves发[vz]音
以o结尾的有生命的词
-es发[z]音
以o结尾的无生命的词
-s发[z]音
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→__________,
woman→__________,Frenchman→__________, child→__________, tooth→__________, foot→__________,goose→__________, mouse→__________, sheep→__________, deer→__________,fish→__________等。
3. 名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
单数名词在末尾加’s
复数名词
以s结尾的人名____________________
表示各自的所有关系时, ________________
表示共有的所有关系时_________________
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，_____________
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法：
1
表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）
.
2
指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
3
表示“每一”相当于every，one
.
4
用于固定词组中
5
a用在辅音音素开头的词前
an用于元音开头的词前.
II. 定冠词的用法：
1
Give me the book. The book on the desk is mine.
2
Where is the doctor? Would you mind opening the door?
3
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
4
The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
5
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.
6
The nurse is kind to the sick. the old,
the young, the poor, the happy
7
the Changjiang River, the West Lake
8
The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.
9
in the west, on the right, in the morning
III. 零冠词的用法：
1
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
2
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
3
季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
4
表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
5
学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前
6
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
7
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
三．代词：
代词可以分为以下七大类：
1
人称代词
主格
宾格
2
物主代词
形容词性
名词性
3
反身代词
4
指示代词
5
疑问代词
6
关系代词
7
不定代词
______,________, _________ , _________, _________, _________, _________, everyone…
much
little
a little
一、. 人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
例如：
I am studying English now. 我现在正在学英语。
We love our country. 我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式 ____________________
复数形式 ____________________
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如：
Can you help _____? 你能帮助我们吗？
We are waiting for ______. 我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It’s ______. 是谁呀？是我。
二、形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
例如：
My parents are both doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed. 我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于____________________，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
Is this her pen? No, ________ is red. （ ） 这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。
Let’s clean their room first, and then clean ________. （ ） 咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。
These letters are ________.（ ） 这些信是他的。
三、反身代词的用法
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如：
My grandmother is too old to look after __________. 我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of __________.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2) 主要用于加强语气
I did it __________.
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如：
____________________亲自 ____________________为自己
call oneself 称自己 ____________________自学
____________________ 随意吃 ____________________迷路
____________________ 自言自语 seatoneself 就座
______________________________让别人懂得自己的意思
四、 常见不定代词的用法讲解
1. some和any
a．some常用于__________，any多用于__________，__________或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如：
__________say yes and some say no. 有的人说是，有的人说不是。
I don’t like __________of them. 我对他们一个也不喜欢。
Does __________of them know this? 他们当中有谁知道吗？
b．在____________________的不定代词要用some，不用any。
例如：
Would you like __________of the tickets? 你想要些票吗？
c．在强调“______________”意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如：
You can take any of the newspapers here. 你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。
2. few, a few,little, a little在用法上的区别
1）用作形容词：
表示肯定
表示否定
__________
__________虽少，但有几个
________不多，几乎没有
__________
__________虽少，但有一点
________不多，没有什么
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。
I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.
3. other, theother, another, others, the others的区别。
用 法
代词
形容词
单数
复数
单数
复数
不定
another
另一个
others
别人，其他人
another (boy)
另一个（男孩）
other (boys)
其他男孩
特定
the other
另一个
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一个男孩
the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
1）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“theother”，表示______________________________。常与one搭配构成“____________________”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , ____________________.
Sheheld a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book ____________________.
2）other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“_____________________”。常与some搭配构成“______________”句型。
Some wentto the cinema, ________________________. This coat is too large. Show me someothers, please.
3）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“________________________________”。
We gothome by 4 o'clock, ________________________________________.
In ourclass only Tom is English, ______________________________.
4）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.
You cansee another ship in the sea, can't you?
Marydoesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her ____________________?
5）another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm stillhungry after I've had this cake. Please give me ____________________.
4. every与each的区别。
each
every
1)可单独使用
1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词
2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”
3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物
4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
Theteacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ballhas a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
Everystudent loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
5. all和both的用法。
both表示两者都，而all表示三者或三者以上，both和all用于助动词之后，实义动词之前
__________________are students. Jim and Tom __________ students. __________are students.
They ____________from Australia. They are all from Australia. ____________are students.
all the students = ____________________ all of us = __________
6、either(两者任一)与neither(两者无一),either of, neitherof后谓语动词常用__________
Do you know either ofthe two ladies?
-Are the two answers right?-No,neither is right. Neither he nor I amright.
either of… neither of…
五、相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）
Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）
六、 疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑
问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：
Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）
What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
七、关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：
我讨厌说得多而做得少的人。______________________________________________________________
我正在找随信寄给我的那张照片。______________________________________________________________
带着他节省下来的钱，他继续他的学业。______________________________________________________________
你认识那个正在采访我们校长的那个女士吗？___________________________________________________
四、数词
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
（一）基数词
基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。
1
11
100
2
12
20
1000
3
13
30
1，000，000
4
14
40
10，000，000
5
15
50
100，000，000
6
16
60
1，000，000，000
7
17
70
8
18
80
9
19
90
10
说明：
1．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 ______________________。
2．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。
如：5893 ___________________________________。 在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10thousand;1亿=100million; 10亿=athousand million=a billion。
（二）、基数词的用法
1．表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand,million, billion) ___________________________________。
例如：
___________________________________ 二百个学生
___________________________________五千年
2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的数目，在这种情况下，___________________________________。
3．基数词在句中的作用
基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。
例如：
Three and five is eight. 3+5=8
主语 表语
How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？
I want eight. 我要八个。
宾语
There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。
定语
（三）序数词的用法
表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。
请见下表：
第一到第十
第十一到第十九
第二十以上
1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。
例如：
第一：____________________________________第二：___________________________________
第三：___________________________________第五：___________________________________
第九十七：___________________________________第一百零一：___________________________________
2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。
例如：
第一课：___________________________________第三十二页：___________________________________
第305房间：_______________________________第12路公共汽车：___________________________________
3.
序数词和基数词一样，也能起名词或形容词作用，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
例如：
_________________is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二个大。
主语
Give me _________________. 把第一个给我。
宾语
She’s often _________________ to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。
表语
We’re going to learn _________________lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。
定语
（四）六、年、月、日和时间的表达法
1．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。
例如：
1999___________________________________ 2000___________________________________
2001 ___________________________________
2．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。
例如：
一月_____________ , 二月_____________, 三月_____________, 四月_____________,五月_____________, 六月_____________, 七月_____________, 八月_____________，九月_____________, 十月_____________, 十一月_____________, 十二月_____________。
3．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用_____________。
例如：
在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first.
年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先__________________________。
例如：
在2001年5月4日：__________________________。
4．年代用基数词的复数表示。
例如：
20世纪90年代：__________________________ 21世纪20年代：__________________________
5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。
例如：
顺读法 倒读法
5：00 __________________________
6：18 __________________________
12：15 __________________________
4：30 __________________________
5：50 __________________________
6：45 __________________________
注意：
1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。
2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。
3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。
例如：
8:20 __________________________ 8:40 __________________________
6.分数分子用_______________，分母用________________，当分子大于1时，分母用_________
1/2 _______________________ 1/4 ________________________4/5 _________________________
6 5/9 __________________________
五、形容词(adj．) 表示__________________________ __________________________
副词(adv．) 表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
1. 形容词的用法
(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如：
Our country is a beautiful country. （ ）
The fish went bad. （ ）
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （ ）
(2)形容词修饰something,anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时, __________________________ 。
I have something important to tell you.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
(3)用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。
Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
You can take any box away, big or small.
(4) __________________________表示一类人或物
The rich shouldhelp the poor.
2. 副词的用法
(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。
He studies very hard. （ ）
Life here is full of joy. （ ）
When will you be back? （ ）
副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：
1)时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：nowtoday, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes,often, usually, always等。例如：
He often comes to school late.
What are we going to do tomorrow?
He has never been to Beijing.
2)地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here,there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere,nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：
I met an old friend of mine on my way home.
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3)方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously,badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully,angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high,straight, wide等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly.
Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high.
He runs very fast.
4)程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather,pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good.
She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies?
Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(2)副词在句中的位置
1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：
Mr Smith works very hard.
She speaks English well.
2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：
He usually gets up early.
I’ve never heard him singing.
She is seldom ill.
3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例：
It is a rather difficult job.
He runs very fast.
He didn’t work hard enough.
4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
On my way home, I met my uncle.
The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.
(3)部分常用副词的用法
1) very, much
这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：
She is a very nice girl
I’m feeling much better now.
Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much.
2) too, either
这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.
3) already, yet
already一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：
He has already left.
Have you heard from him yet?
He hasn’t answered yet.
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。
例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
3.形容词、副词都有三个等级：
1、一般构成规律：
词的特征
变 化
例 词
原 级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词
strong
high
stronger
higher
strongest
highest
以e结尾的词
wide
nice
wider
nicer
widest
nicest
以单个辅音字母（非r）结尾的单音节词
fat
thin
fatter
thinner
fattest
thinnest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词
heavy
happy
heavier
happier
heaviest
happiest
少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词
clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
cleverest
narrowest
多数双音节词
多音节词和
源于分词的形容词
slowly
difficult
tired
more slowly
more difficult
more tired
most slowly
most difficult
most tired
2、常见的不规则变化：
原 级
比较级
最高级
good well
bad badly ill
many much
little
far
old
4．形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法
原级的用法：
①肯定句型：
__________________________ 意思是 “与……一样”
____________________________________________________ 这个男孩和他的哥哥一样聪明。
____________________________________________________ 露茜写得和莉莉一样认真。
②否定句型：
__________________________ 意思是“不如……“
____________________________________________________ 猴子不如大象强壮。
____________________________________________________ 他没有你好。
比较级的用法：
1、比较级+than
____________________________________________________彼得比山姆聪明。
____________________________________________________ 这来辆车比那一辆漂亮。
2、形容词比较级前可用____________________________________________________等修饰。
____________________________________________________彼得比山姆聪明的多。
____________________________________________________ 这间房子比那间稍微亮一点。
3、_____________________________________ 意思是“越来越…...”
____________________________________________________.雨下得越来越大。
4、_____________________________________ 意思是“越…...就越…...”
____________________________________________________ 你学习越努力，进步就越快。
5、_____________________________________. 意思是“比其它的任何一个……都更……”（这种情况其实是用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。）
____________________________________________________ 在他班里他比其它任何学生都更愚蠢。
____________________________________________________ 她比队里的其余任何一个女孩都要高。
最高级的用法：
1、_____________________________________或用从句修饰的句子中。
____________________________________________________在所有这些表中这块最贵。
____________________________________________________在我家，妈妈是最忙碌的。
2、_____________________________________ 表示“第几个最……的”
____________________________________________________黄河是中国的第二大河流。
____________________________________________________ 这个公园是北京第三大公园。
3、_____________________________________ 表示“是最……之一”
____________________________________________________美国是世界上最富有的国家之一。
____________________________________________________. 北京最美丽的地方之一是颐和园。
4、形容词最高级前一定要用the，而副词最高级前可省略。
____________________________________________________大象是这个动物园里最重的动物。
____________________________________________________所有学生中她来得最早。
形、副比较等级还应注意
1.比较级前用a little ; much / a lot ; even / still来加强语气，表示“……一点儿；……得多 ； 更……”
eg. 1) alittle bigger 大一点儿
2)muchmore 多得多
3)evenheavier更重
但注意：不能在比较级前加so; too; very; quite等。
2.比较级必须是同类事物相比（即as; than后的词应与主语是同类事物），注意常用漏的代词有：that; those; one; ones
eg. 1)The apples(A) in this basket (B) are redder (C) than inthat basket(D). _________
2)Thisknife (A) isn’t (B) so (C) new as that(D). _______________
3)Ourclassroom (A) is (B) bigger (C) than Lily(D). _______________
3.个体与整体相比，不能包括个体，常用“any other + 单数名词”来进行比较。
eg.1）Betty(是个体) is cleverer than any student in her class(是整体). ( × )
正：Betty is cleverer than any other student in her class.
=Betty iscleverer than anybody else in her class.
=Betty is thecleverest in her class.
(特别注意以上三种句型的转换)
2)Chinais bigger than any country in Africa.
中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。
3) Chinais bigger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲的任何一个其他国家大。
*4.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。
eg. Mary isthe tallest of all her sisters.( × ) (all her sisters已排除了Mary)
改：Mary is the tallest of all the sisters.
5.表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second ,third, …”（但“第一”不能用first）
eg. The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 改错：________________
介词
1.in; on; at用在时间词前，表“在”
1)at + 具体时刻
2)on + 具体某天（具体某天的上、下午等；星期词；以及上、下午词前有修饰词时）
3)in + 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分
但注意：at night= in the night at noon
at this / that time at Christmas
eg. 1.___ the morning 2.___Monday morning
3. ___ a rainy evening 4.___3:50 5.__2002
6.___ the morning of April 10 7.___spring
8.___ night 9.___this time 10.___ March
另外注意：在时间词（morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…）前有last, next , this , that时，不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。
eg. I will go(A)to the cinema(B) in(C) this evening. ______________
2. in , on , at 表地点：
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
eg. 1)He arrived ___Shanghai yesterday.
2)They arrived ___a small village beforedark.
3)There is a big hole ____ the wall.
4)The teacher put up a picture ____ thewall.
3.in , on , to表方位
in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系
eg.1)Taiwanis ___the southeast of China.
2)Hubeiis ___thenorth of Hunan.
3)Japanis ___the east of China.
cross: 动词“跨过，越过”=go across
4. across: （表面）跨过
through: （内部）穿过，贯穿 介词
eg. 1)Can youswim _____ the river?
2)The road runs __________ the forest.
3)_____ the bridge, you’ll find a cinema.
5. in + 时间段：与将来时连用
after + 时间段：与过去时连用
但after + 时间点：可与将来时连用。
1) I’llleave _______ three o’clock.. That is, I’ll leave ________ about ten minutes.
2)Theyleft _______ two weeks.
6. in the tree(外加在树上的事物)
on thetree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等)
in the wall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物)
7. on the wall(墙表面的事物)
1) Thereis a map ___ the wall
2) Thereare four windows ___ the wall.
8.by bike / bus/ car / ship (单数且无冠词)
但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时，则应使用相应的介词。
eg. by bike = ona(the; his) bike
bycar = in a(the ; her) car
on: 在…（表面）上——接触
9. over: 在…的正上方
above: 在…的斜上方 未接触
1) Themoon rose ______ the hill.
2) Thereis a bridge _____ the river.
3) Thereis a book ______ the desk.
10. between: 在（两者）之间
among:在（三者以上）之间
1)A bigcrowd of people were waiting for Li Lida on the beach. ________ them were hisparents.
2)Tom sits________Lucy and Lily.
11.on与about : 关于
on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等
about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及
eg. He gave atalk ____ the history of the Party
12. in front of :在…前面/方（范围外）= before
in/ at the front of:在……前部（范围内）
1)There is abig tree _______ of the classroom.
2)A driverdrives _________ of the bus.
类似区别：at the back of与behind
13.with和in: 表示“用“
with: 指“用工具、手、口等”
in: 指“用语言、话语、声音等”
1) Pleasewrite the letter ____ a pen.
2) Pleasespeak ____ a loud voice.
14. on a farm ; ina factory ; the girl in the hat ; leave for: 动身前往某地
15.一些固定搭配：
（1）介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for;
wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, lookafter, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot,
with pleasure, on one’s wayto, in trouble,
at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
（3）介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, begood at,
be interested in, be angrywith, be full of, be sorry for等。
六、连词: 从属连词和并列连词
（一）从属连词：用于连接各种从句的连词
（二）并列连词：并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：
1.表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…butalso, neither…nor等。
2. 表选择关系的or, either…or等。
3. 表转折关系的but, while（然而）等。
4.表因果关系的for, so等。
5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列
or: “和”在否定句中表并列
另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句
2)or “否则”
eg. ①.Whichdo you like better, tea or milk? ②.Hurryup, or you’ll be late for school.
6.but “但是”表转折
eg. Ilistened, but I heard nothing.
注意：1)though(虽然), but(但是)不能连用
2)not … but 不是…而是
eg. This bookisn’t mine but yours.
both… and : 既…又（连接主语为复数）
neither…nor: 既不…也不 连接两主
7. either…or: 或者…或者 语后者决
not only … but also:不但…而且 定单、复
eg.1)Both heand I are students. 2)Neither he nor I am a student.
动词
重点知识归纳及讲解
一、概述
动词是表示动作或状态的词。句子中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。动词可以通过本身的变化来表示动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。
1．动词的种类
动词按其词义和在句中的作用可以分为：行为动词（或称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。详见下表：
动词分类
特征
例词
例句
行 为 动 词
vt./vi.
___________________________________。按其带不带宾语、分为及物动词（带宾语）和不及物动词（不带宾语）
help帮助（vt.）
see看见（vt.）
go去（vi.）
fly飞（vi.）
He often helps me.
I can see a bird in the tree.
Planes can fly.
连 系 动 词
link v.
be是
look看起来
seem似乎
get变得
become变成，成为
He is an English teacher.
They look the same.
助 动 词
v. aux.
_________________________________。可用来表示否定，疑问、时态、语态、语气等。
be; have; do; will; shall
He doesn't speak English.
We are playing basketball
Do you have a brother?
情 态 动 词
mod v.
本身有一定词义，但不完整。
_________________________________，表示说话人的态度
can; many; must; need; dare; will; would; shall; should
She can speak a little English.
May I come in?
We must go now.
注意：
1）行为动词又可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）两种。及物动词作谓语，后面必须跟宾语意思才完整。不及物动词作谓语，后面不能跟宾语，只有加上介词后才可接宾语。
2）英语中有些动词常常是既作及物动词又作不及物动词；既作连系动词又作及物动词。
例如：
He speaks English very well. (vt.) 他英语讲得好。
He spoke at the meeting. （vi.）
另外，动词按其在句中能否作谓语，又可分为谓语动词（finite verb）和非谓语动词（non-finiteverb）两大类。
说明：
谓语动词又称限定动词，非谓语动词又称非限定动词。
非谓语动词初中阶段主要学习动词不定式的用法。
2．动词的基本形式
英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式。如：work—worked—worked—working—works。它们的构成及形式详见下表。
形式
构成
例词
动词原形
不带to的动词不定式形式（也就是词典中一般给予的形式）
be, have, do, come
过去式与过去分词（规则变化）
1．___________________________________________________
2．___________________________________________________
3．___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
work→worked
carry→carried
stop→stopped
现在分词
1．___________________________________________________
2．___________________________________________________
3．___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4．___________________________________________________
read→reading
write→writing
swim→swimming
die→dying
第三人称单数形式
1．___________________________________________________
2．___________________________________________________
3．___________________________________________________
run→runs
teach→teaches
wash→washes
go→goes
pass→passes
try→tries
stay→stays
说明：
1）词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音和元音后读[d]；在[t]和[d]后读[id]。
2）词尾-es或-s在[s ]、[z]、[t ]、[d ]后面读[iz]；在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音及元音后读[z]；在[t]，[d]后读[ts]、[dz]。
3）不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住。
二、动词的时态
在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的变化形式就叫做动词的时态。
初中阶段主要学习，掌握以下八种时态。
一、一般现在时其结构为： 1）主语为第一，二人称及第三人称复数时
肯定句 主语+动词原形+其它。
否定句 主语+don't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Do +主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+do+主语+动词原形+其它？
2）主语为第三人称单数时
肯定句 主语+动词第三人称单数 +其它。
否定句 主语+doesn't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Does+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+does+主语+动词原形+其它？
其作用为：1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
其常用时间状语为often，always，usually，sometimes，everyday(week，year...),in the morning（afternoon，evening）等。
Ex . 1. _______ she _______ (go)to the libraryevery Sunday?
2.Theyoften _______(swim)in summer.
3.______(be)everyone here?
4.Theearth______(travel) round the sun.
二、一般过去时其结构为： 肯定句 主语+动词过去式+其它。
否定句 主语+didn't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Did+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它？
其作用为：___________________________________________________
其常用时间状语为 yesterday，the day before yesterday，...ago，last...及其它表过去的时间，如in 1998 等.
Ex. 1.I_____the number down on a piece ofpaper a moment ago.
Awrite Bwrited Cwrote D writing
2.Everything______ready before Father came.
Awere Bwas Cis D are
3.He always _______melast term.
Ahelped Bhelps Chelping D help
三、一般将来时其结构为： 肯定句 主语+will+动词原形+其它。
否定句 主语+won't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Will+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+will+主语+动词原形+其它？
当主语是第一人称时，助动词可为 shall.且若为疑问句只能为shall.
其作用为: ___________________________________________________
也可用 主语+am，is，are＋goingto do+动词原形+其它来表示计划，打算或决定要做的事情。
对于很快就会发生的事，还可用进行时态表将来，但常局限于有位置移动色彩的动词，如go，come，leave等。
其常用时间状语为 tomorrow，the day after tomorrow，next...，in+时间段及其它表将来的时间，如in 2010 等.
Ex. 1.Hurry up，oryou_______(be)late.
2.What_____you________(do)tomorrow?
3.They_______(have)6 subjects next term.
4.I thinkit________ again later in the day .
Arains B will going to rain C is going to rain D willbe rain
5.Where________this time next year?
A will yoube B will be you C you willbe D will you going tobe
四、现在进行时其结构为: 肯定句 主语+ am，is，are+现在分词+其他.
否定句 主语+am，is，are +not+现在分词+其他.
一般疑问句 Am，Is，Are+主语+现在分词+其他?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+am，is，are+主语+现在分词+其他?
其作用为: ___________________________________________________
其常用时间状语为 now，this week，these days 等,也可是置于句首的 Look，Listen.
现在进行时也可表示最近按计划安排将进行的动作,常会有一个表将来的时间状语。但仅限于少量词语，如go，come，leave，arrive等。
注：表态度,情感的动词和感官动词不能用于进行时态（like，know，want，hear等）
Ex. 1. They are planting trees on thehill. （改为否定句）
2. Tom is writing aletter to his friend. (改为一般疑问句)
3. I am getting readyto run. (就划线部分提问)
五、过去进行时
其结构为: 肯定句 主语+was，were+现在分词+其他.
否定句 主语+was，were＋not＋现在分词+其他.
一般疑问句 Was，Were+主语+现在分词+其他?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+was，were+主语+现在分词+其他?
其作用为：___________________________________________________。
其时间状语为：at this time＋过去时间 (at this time yesterday)，atthat time， at＋具体时间点+过去时间（at 9:00 o'clock last night），from 具体时间点 to 具体时间点+过去时间(from 7:00 to 10:00 yesterday morning)。
过去进行时还可以与一般过去时搭配用于时间状语从句中。强调动作延续时用过去进行时，强调动作瞬间发生时用一般过去时。常用连词为when，while.
Ex. 1.He __________(not work) at thattime.
2.When theteacher_________(come)in，they_________(talk) loudly.
3.What______you_______(read) last night?
4.His mother________(return)while he_______(do)his homework.
5.Myfather______(watch)TV while my mother_________(cook).
六、现在完成时其结构为：肯定句 主语+have，has +过去分词+其它。
否定句 主语+have，has +not+过去分词+其它。
一般疑问句 Have，Has+ 主语+过去分词+其它?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+ have，has+主语+过去分词+其它?
其作用与时间状语：
1）___________________________________________________，常与 already, yet, ever, never, just, before 等副词连用。
2）__________________________________________________________________。如for+时间段, since+过去时间，提问用How long.
此外，so far, in (during) the last (past)+时间段 也是该时态的时间状语。
现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系，而一般过去时只强调过去的动作，与现在无关。
在现在完成时的第二个作用中，必须使用持续性动词，故某些表瞬间的动词需要特定的转换形式。
如：die---havebeendead open---have been open
close---have beenclosed buy---have had
borrow---havekept arrive (in，at),come(to)+ a place---have been in +a place，leave+a place---have been away from+ a place
join+团体---have been in+团体,have been a+团体成员等
Ex. 1 How long have you ______the book?
Aborrowed Bkept Clent D bought
2.We _________each other since he ______.
A didn'tsee，left B haven't seen，has left C haven't seen，left
3.____he______(wait) for you for an hour?
4.We________just______(have) ourlunch.
5.So far, noman_________(visit) thisvillage.
七、过去将来时其结构为：be动词 肯定句 主语+would be+其它。
否定句 主语+would not be+其它。
一般疑问句 Would+主语+be+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+would+主语+be+其它？
实意动词 肯定句 主语+Would+动词原形+其它。
否定句 主语+wouldn't+动词原形+其它。
一般疑问句 Would+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+would+主语+动词原形+其它？
注：也可用 was，were＋going to do 的结构来表示。
其作用为: ___________________________________________________.此时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。
Ex. 1.Linda told me that she________(go)to thepark the next day.
2.We didn't knowwhen he________(arrive)until he called us.
3.They asked if they ________(visit )thefarm by bus.
八、过去完成时
其结构为：肯定句 主语+had + 过去分词+其它。
否定句 主语+had + not+过去分词+其它。
一般疑问句 Had+ 主语+ 过去分词+其它?
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+ had+ 主语+过去分词+其它?
其作用为：___________________________________________________。
此时态常用于
1）以by，before+过去时间，时间段+before，the(week...)before为时间状语的简单句中。
2）主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。
3）与一般过去时搭配，用于when，after，before引导的时间状语从句中
Ex. 1.We ____(be) there twice by the end of lastyear.
2.They_________(finish)the work before1998.
3.He said he________(see) the film the week before.
4.Thesun________(rise) when he got up.
5.Yesterday,I________(leave)the classroom after I ______(clean) it.
现在完成时中，关于终止性动词与持续性动词的要求，在过去完成时中，依然适用。
宾语从句
宾语从句：充当宾语的句子
对宾语从句应注意以下三要素：
1. 引导词 2. 语序 3. 时态
1. 引导词
1)that引导一般疑问句意义的宾从(that可省)
eg. He says(that) the boy is a lilltle weak in Chinese.
2)疑问词引导特殊疑问句意义的宾从
eg. ①.Do you know who willgive us a talk?
②.Idon’t know whose book that is.
③.Couldyou please tell which gate we have to go to?
④.Iwonder when he will come back.
注意：此类宾从的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）相同时，可替换为“疑问词 + to do”
eg. ①.Ihaven’t decided where I will go
=I haven’t decided where to go
②.Heasked me what I bought
=He asked me what to buy.
类似短语：how to do it what to say
what to do where to go
3)if/whether(是否)引导一般疑问句意义的宾从
eg. ①.“Do you like this book?” sheasked me.
=She asked me ___ I liked this book.
②.“Have you visited the GreatWall?” Could you tell me?
=Could you tell me _____ you have visited the Great Wall?
注意以下几点：
ⅰ.区别if当作“是否”，还是“如果”
eg. I don’tknow if he ______ (come)if it ______(rain) tomorrow.
ⅱ.用whether不用if的几种情况
1)后接不定式
eg. I can’tdecide whether to go to Beijing.
2)与or / or not连用
eg. I want toknow whether you will go to the park or not.
3)在句首时
eg. Whetherthis is true or not, I can’t say.
4)whether还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”
eg. Whether itrains or not, we are going to the park tomorrow.
2.语序：宾从用陈述句语序
eg. 1)I don’t(A) know whether (B) will he (C) come (D)tomorrow. _____________
2)He asks (A) me when (B) will you (C) come back(D). _____________
3)Could you tell (A) how many players (B) are there (C)in (D) a football team? ________
3.时态
主句
宾语从句
一般现在时
一切时态
一般过去时
过去范畴的某一时态（一般过去时；过去进行时；过去完成时；过去将来时）
但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。
eg. She said (that) the sun rises in theeast.
名词
A组
I. 1. houses 2. villages 3. maps 4. oranges 5. bags 6. exercises 7. brushes
8. families 9. buses 10. cities 11. boxes 12. babies 13. classes 14.factories
15. glasses 16. dictionaries 17. watches 18. women 19. matches 20.men 21. wishes
22. Germans 23. tomatoes 24. policemen 25. kilos 26. humans 27.potatoes
28. Chinese 29. shelves 30. Japanese 31. leaves 32. Americans 33.lives
34. teeth 35. wives 36. feet 37. knives 38. sheep 39. halves 40.children
II. 1. agroup of children 2. two boxes of apples 3. three baskets of vegetables
4. nine pieces of bread 5. ten glasses of milk 6. five pieces ofmeat
7. many kinds of plants 8. a pair of glasses 9. two pieces of ice
10. three pieces of paper 11. four bottles of orange juice 12. fivecups of tea
13. six bowls of rice 14. seven bags of rice 15. eight pieces ofwood
16. nine pieces of medal
B组
IV. 1—5 AABDB6—10 CCADB 11—15 CCBAB 16—20 DBDDA
21—25 CBBCA 26—30 BCCBA 31—35 CADCD 36—38 DCB
V. 1—5 BACAA6—10 ABADC 11—15 ACDBA
冠词
A组
I. 1. an, a 2.the, / 3. A, a 4. the, /, a 5. a 6. a 7. /, an
8. an, the 9. a, the, The 10. the, the, the, the 11. The, the 12.the, the, the
13. The , the 14. The 15. a, the 16. the 17. the, the 18. /, /, /
19. The, the 20. /, the
B组
III. 1—5 DCDAC6—10 ACBDB 11—15 CACAB 16—20 DCBBA
21—25 CBBBC26—28 DCD
代词
A组
I.
1—5 CDCAC 6—10 DABDD 11—15 ACCAB 16—20 ABCAA
21—25 CCDDC 26—30 BAABC 31—35 BBBCA 36—40 ADDBC
B组
II.
1—5 BCDDB 6—10 DCADB 11—15 BDBBB 16—20 DBADA
21—25 BCCBA 26—30 BCCAD
数词
五、参考答案
I. 1. first 2.second 3. third 4. fifth 5. eighth 6. ninth
7. twelfth 8. twentieth 9. thirty-first 10. forty-fourth 11. fifty-seventh
II. 1. Lesson12 / the Twelfth Lesson 2. Room 304 3. half an hour
4. three times a day 5. page 25 6. 1990s / the nineties of thetwentieth century
7. the No.4 bus 8. The No.15 Middle School 9. the 21st century
10. two and a half kilos / two kilos and a half 11. a quarter tothree 12. Book Two
13. in his fifties 14. Class Eight, Grade Two 15. ten forty-five 16.Unit 15
17. Lesson 13, Book 3 18. a third / one third 19. three hundreddollars
20. March 22nd, 1994
III. 1—5 CDADD6—10 ADABC 11—15 BBACC
IV. 1—5 CCCCB6—10 ABBBD 11 C 1-5BDCCD 6-9 BABA
介词
一、语法选择
1-5、BCBAB 6-10、ACBAC 11-15、CAABA 16-20、ABBAC 21-25、ACBCB
26-30、BBAAA 31-35、CAACA 36-40、BCACC 41-45、CABCC
46-50、CBBCB 51-55、CABCB 55-60、BBBAC 61-65、BBCCC
66-70、AACBB 71-72、AC
动词（I）
五、参考答案
A组
I．1-5CD A A A 6-10D C D B B
11-15AD C C D 16-20 C D C B C
21-25 C C D D D 26-30 C B B C B
31-36CC A C B C
B组
II．1.visited 2. has made 3. is going 4. sleeps
5. in raining 6. does 7. is leaving 8. arrived
9. were talking 10. have learned 11. had, started 12. works
13. is blowing 14. haven't finished 158. must be sent
16. had planted 17. was playing 18. see 19. has gone
20. Do, get 21. had been on 22. travels 23. has, learned
24. moves 25. would give 26. will plant/are going to plant
27. don't shout 28. could work 29. wouldn't sing
30. leaves 31. are planting 32. didn't give
33. were playing 34. would clean 35. have
36. joined 37. comes 38. thinks 39. is visiting
40. will be 41. has been 42. had begun
43. will come 44. is 45. took 46. has gone
47. do 48. doesn't rain, will plant
49. had finished 50. are swimming 51. attacked 52. practices
宾语从句
I. 1—5 BADDB6—10 DCBAB 11—15 DAABC 16—20 DBBAA
II. 1—5 DBADD6—10 BDABC 11—15 CACAA 16—20 DDCCD
21—25 ADCCC 26—30CCCDB 31—35 ABBDA
