Over the past 70 years, ultra-processed foods have come to dominate the U.S. diet.
在过去的70年里，精加工食品已经主导了美国人的饮食。
These are foods made from cheap industrial ingredients and engineered to be super-tasty and generally high in fat, sugar and salt.
这些食品由廉价的工业原料制成，经过加工后超级美味，通常富含脂肪、糖和盐。
The rise of ultra-processed foods has coincided with growing rates of obesity, leading many to suspect that they've played a big role in our growing waistlines.
随着精加工食品的兴起，肥胖率也在不断上升，许多人开始怀疑，这些食品在我们日益增长的腰围中扮演了重要角色。
But is it something about the highly processed nature of these foods itself that drives people to overeat?
但是，真的是这些食物本身的高度加工性质导致人们吃得过多吗?
A new study finds the answer is yes.
一项新的研究发现答案是肯定的。
The study, conducted by researchers at the National Institutes of Health, is the first randomized, controlled trial to show that eating a diet made up of ultra-processed foods actually drives people to overeat and gain weight compared with a diet made up of whole or minimally processed foods.
这项由美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员进行的研究，是第一项随机对照试验，它表明，与完全无加工或最低加工食品构成的饮食相比，食用由精加工食品构成的饮食实际上会导致人们吃得过多，体重增加。
Study participants on the ultra-processed diet ate an average of 508 calories more per day and ended up gaining an average of 2 pounds over a two-week period.
精加工饮食的研究参与者平均每天多摄入508卡路里，在两周的时间里平均增重2磅。
People on the unprocessed diet, meanwhile, ended up losing about 2 pounds on average over a two-week period.
与此同时，未加工饮食的人在两周内平均减掉了2磅。
"The difference in weight gain for one [group] and weight loss for the other during these two periods is phenomenal.We haven't seen anything like this," says Barry Popkin, a nutrition professor at the University of North Carolina who has studied the role of ultra-processed foods in the American diet but was not involved in the current research.
“在这两个时期，一组人的体重增加和另一组人的体重下降的差异是显著的。北卡罗来纳大学营养学教授巴里·波普金表示，波普金研究过精加工食品在美国饮食中的作用，但没有参与此次研究。
Dariush Mozaffarian, dean of Tufts University's Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, agrees that the findings are striking.
塔夫茨大学弗里德曼营养科学与政策学院院长达里乌什·莫扎法里安也认为，这些发现令人震惊。
He says what was so impressive was that the NIH researchers documented this weight gain even though each meal offered on the two different diets contained the same total amount of calories, fats, protein, sugar, salt, carbohydrates and fiber.
他说，让人印象深刻的是，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员记录下了这一体重增加现象，尽管两种不同饮食提供的每顿饭包含相同的总热量、脂肪、蛋白质、糖、盐、碳水化合物和纤维。
Study participants were allowed to eat as much or as little as they wanted but ended up eating way more of the ultra-processed meals, even though they didn't rate those meals as being tastier than the unprocessed meals.
研究参与者被允许想吃多少就吃多少，但最终吃得更多的是精加工食品，尽管他们并不认为这些食品比未经加工的食品更美味。
"These are landmark findings that the processing of the foods makes a huge difference in how much a person eats," says Mozaffarian.
莫扎法里安说:“这些具有里程碑意义的发现表明，食物的加工过程对一个人的食量有很大影响。”
That's important, because the majority of foods now sold in the U.S. — and increasingly, around the globe — are ultra-processed.
这一点很重要，因为现在在美国销售的大多数食品都是精加工食品，而且—在全球范围内—越来越多。
Another interesting finding: Both groups ate about the same amount of protein, but those on the ultra-processed diet ate a lot more carbs and fat.
另一个有趣的发现是:两组人摄入的蛋白质量大致相同，但那些采用精加工饮食的人摄入的碳水化合物和脂肪要多得多。
There is a concept, called the protein leverage hypothesis, that suggests that people will eat until they've met their protein needs.
有一个概念，叫做蛋白质杠杆假说，它表明人们会一直吃东西直到他们满足了蛋白质的需求。
Hall says that this seems to be the case in this study and it partially explains the difference in calorie consumption they found.
霍尔说，在这项研究中，情况似乎就是这样，这部分解释了他们发现的卡路里摄入量的差异。
Even though the meals were matched for calories and nutrients, including protein, the ultra-processed meals were more calorie dense per bite.
尽管每顿饭的卡路里和营养成分(包括蛋白质)是相匹配的，但每一口经过超级加工的饭的卡路里密度更高。
In part, that's because ultra-processed foods tend to be low in fiber, so researchers had to add fiber to the beverages served as part of these meals to match the fiber content of the unprocessed diet.
部分原因是，精加工食品的纤维含量往往较低，因此研究人员不得不在这些膳食的饮料中添加纤维，以匹配未加工食品的纤维含量。
That means participants on the ultra-processed diet might have had to munch through more carbs and fat to hit their protein needs.
这意味着采用精加工饮食的参与者可能不得不咀嚼更多的碳水化合物和脂肪来满足他们对蛋白质的需求。
And one last finding of note: People ate much faster — both in terms of grams per minute and calories per minute — on the ultra-processed diet.
最后一个值得注意的发现是:在超加工饮食中，人们吃得更快——无论是每分钟的克数还是每分钟的卡路里数。
Hall says it might be that, because the ultra-processed foods tended to be softer and easier to chew, people devoured them more quickly, so they didn't give their gastrointestinal tracts enough time to signal to their brains that they were full and ended up overeating.
霍尔说，这可能是因为，由于超加工食品往往更软、更容易咀嚼，人们会更快地吃掉它们，所以他们没有给自己的胃肠道足够的时间向大脑发出信号，表明自己已经吃饱了，最终就会吃得过多。
Hall says his findings have implications for the diet wars — vegan versus low-carb or low-fat diets.
霍尔说，他的发现对素食主义与低碳水化合物或低脂肪饮食之间的饮食战争具有启示意义。
"They all have something in common. ... Proponents of healthy versions of those diets suggest that people cut out ultra-processed foods."
“他们都有一些共同点...健康饮食的支持者建议人们少吃精加工食品。”
He says that this elimination might account for at least part of the success that people have on these diets.
他说，这种减少可能至少是人们在这些饮食上取得成功的部分原因。
Popkin says the take-home message for consumers is, "We should try to eat as much real food as we can. That can be plant food. It can be animal food. It can be [unprocessed] beef, pork, chicken, fish or vegetables and fruits. And one has to be very careful once one begins to go into other kinds of food."
波普金说，对消费者来说，最重要的是，“我们应该尽可能多吃真正的食物。可以是植物性食物。可以是动物食物。它可以是(未经加工的)牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉、鱼或蔬菜和水果。一旦你开始吃其他种类的食物，你就必须非常小心。”
But Popkin says the findings also present a challenge for the global food industry: how to preserve the convenience, abundance and low cost of food without sacrificing health.
但是波普金说，这些发现也给全球食品工业提出了一个挑战:如何在不牺牲健康的前提下保持食品的便捷性、丰富性和低成本。
"Let's see if they can produce ultra-processed food that's healthy and that won't be so seductive and won't make us eat so much extra," he says.
他说:“让我们看看他们能否生产出健康、不那么诱人、不会让我们多吃那么多的精加工食品。”
"But they haven't yet."
“不过目前他们还没有。”
问题：
文中提到食用精加工食品会对哪些因素造成影响？
A.进食速度
B.摄入卡路里速度
C.食量
D.体重
留言回复正确选项，前十名朋友将获得红包奖励哦！赶快来试试吧！
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