【经岚传递】现代德国的出现和再造：集权和分权

【经岚传递】16L73

现代德国的出现和再造：集权和分权

编译/ZQ

本期【经岚传递】所介绍的是来自于Arthur B. Gunlicks 发表在The Review of Politics, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Jul., 1984), pp. 323-345上的“Administrative Centralization and Decentralization in the Making and Remaking of Modern Germany”一文。

集权和分权在德国不仅被应用于不同层级政府间的地理关系上，也被用于同一层级政府内部的分层关系上。美式的双重联邦主义并不是德国行政体系的传统，在德国，州政府在历史上一直都是联邦法律的具体执行者，随着1871年德国作为一个联邦国家的出现，普鲁士体系就成为德国行政体系的主导原则，今天在联邦德国共有5个层级的政府，这与早期普鲁士传统有着很大的相似性。尽管也存在分权和地方自治的制度安排，但是对这样一种过度集权和缺乏公众参与的政治体系有着越来越多的不满，由此也产生了有关国家标准和地方自治需求等方面的矛盾和问题。

Centralization and decentralization have been applied in Germany not only to geographical relationships between levels of government and to hierarchical relationships within levels of government but also to hierarchical relationships between levels of government. American-style dual federalism is not a part of the German administrative tradition. Subnational units in Germany have tradi- tionally been responsible for implementing the laws of larger units. With the creation of a German federal state in 1871, the Prussian system became in large part the German system of administration. Today there are five levels of ad- ministration in the Federal Republic, and strong parallels can be drawn to the earlier Prussian traditions. In spite of the institutional arrangements for decen- tralized administration and local self-government, there are complaints about the alleged lack of opportunities for popular participation and overcentralized decision-making. These complaints raise difficult questions concerning the requirements for national standards and equality on the one hand and local citizen demands on the other

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