本期编辑/开鸿顺
KaiHongShun Studio
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明清两朝是一个等级极其森严的朝代。因此对各级官员及百姓的住处有着特别标配等级制度。整个屋面的用瓦分等级：黄色琉璃瓦为最尊贵，只能用于皇室和庙宇；绿色次之，用于亲王世子和群僚；一般地方贵族使用布筒瓦；老百姓建房使用的盖瓦，只许使用泥土烧制的黑色土瓦片，即布板瓦（青瓦）。如今我们就最近年代，明清两朝对大门的门簪、门环、门钉、门墩石、石狮的等级划分要求。
The Ming and Qing dynasties were highly hierarchical. Therefore, there is a special standard rating system for the residence of officials and people at all levels. The tiles of the whole roof are graded: yellow glazed tiles are the most noble and can only be used for the royal family and temples...
一、中国古代大门标配门簪
门簪是中国传统建筑的大门构件，安在街门的中槛之上，有用两个或四个的，如大木的销钉将连楹结合在门框上，形式有方形、菱形、六角形、八角形、圆形等形状，装饰以图案或文字。多用六方形，长按中槛厚一份，连楹厚一份半，再加本身径的四分之五即长，径按中槛高的五分之四或按门口宽的九分之一。
The door hairpin is a gate component of traditional Chinese architecture. It is installed on the middle sill of the street door and has two or four. For example, a large wooden pin combines the couplets on the door frame. The forms are square, rhombus, hexagonal, octagonal, round and other shapes.
门簪数量为两颗或四颗，其多寡体现等级的高低。等级较高的金柱大门、蛮子门均有四颗门簪，而等级较低的如意门只有两颗门簪。正面或雕刻，或描绘，饰以花纹图案。门簪的图案以四季花卉为多见，四枚分别雕以春兰夏荷秋菊冬梅，图案间还常见“吉祥如意”、“福禄寿德”、“天下太平”等字样。只两枚门簪时，则雕“吉祥”等字样，体现了深厚的中国文化内涵。
The number of door hairpins is two or four, which reflects the level. The higher level Jinzhu Gate and Manzi Gate have four door hairpins, while the lower level Ruyi Gate has only two door hairpins. The front is carved or painted, decorated with patterns...
二、中国古代大门标配门环。
门环，在中国有数千多年的历史，集实用、装饰和门第等级为一体的一种古建筑构，也成为中国古建“门文化”中的一部分。
The door ring has a history of thousands of years in China. It is a kind of ancient architecture that integrates practicality, decoration and class, and also becomes a part of the "door culture" of Chinese ancient architecture.
门环由底座和挂件两部分构成，底座称为“铺首”、“门铺”或“铜蠡”，由圆形、方形、多边形或异形的镲钹状金属构件反扣于门板之上，中间高凸位置连接一金属环或金属坠，以实现叩门或拉门的实用功能。
The door ring is composed of two parts: a base and a pendant. The base is called "shop head", "door shop" or "copper bar". It is made of round, square, polygonal or irregular cymbal-shaped metal components that are buckled on the door plate, and a metal ring or metal pendant is connected at the high convex position in the middle to realize the practical function of knocking or sliding the door.
门环俗称响器，功能是大门上的拉手，并供叩门之用。门环常以金属制成，中国门环也常被称为铺首或门钹，但严格说来铺首和门钹只是门环不同形式的底座。铺首为兽头状，如椒图。门钹为钹状，周边有圆形、六角形、八角形等。铺首俗称怪兽衔环，是一种兽面纹样，多为椒图、饕餮、狮、虎、螭龙等凶猛兽类，镶嵌在大门上作为门环的底座，也可不衔环而仅作装饰用，也可用于青铜器、陶器等器物上安装提手。世界其他各国的门环有以人像作为底座的。
The door ring, commonly known as a loudspeaker, is a handle on the door and is used for knocking. Door knockers are often made of metal, and Chinese door knockers are often referred to as shop heads or door cymbals, but strictly speaking, shop heads and door cymbals are only the bases of different forms of door knockers.
中国古代文献中对铺首的记载基本上为大门上所用，《说文解字》上说:“铺首，附着门上用以衔环者”。又如《汉书》“哀帝纪”记载“孝元庙殿门铜龟蛇铺首鸣”。唐代颜帅古注释说:“门之铺首，所以衔环者也”。
The records of the shop head in ancient Chinese documents are basically used on the door. "The shop head is attached to the door to hold the ring" is said in Shuowen Jiezi. Another example is "The Book of Han Dynasty", which records "The first song of the copper turtle and snake shop at the gate of Xiaoyuan Temple".
在中国古代有严格的等级规定，《明史》记载:亲王府四城正门以丹漆金钉铜环；公王府大门绿油铜环；百官第中公侯门用金漆兽面锡环；一二品官门绿油兽面锡环；三至五品官门黑油锡环；六至九品官门黑油铁环……
In ancient China, there were strict hierarchical rules. The Ming History records that the four main gates of the Prince's Mansion were nailed with copper rings in red lacquer gold; Green copper ring at the gate of Gongwang Mansion; The middle duke and marquis gate of the Baiguan section is made of gold lacquer with animal face and tin ring.
门环的造型上能够折射出宅主的身份和地位，是中国门文化中最能体现礼制建筑等级的装饰符号之一。兽面衔环是帝王和权贵之家常见的样式，如明清皇家建筑门环多为龙形铺首衔环，象征皇家的威仪，具有更多的礼制涵义。民宅不能使用兽面衔环，而使用底盘为圆形、方形、六边形、菊花形或梅花形，中央为圆形凸起的铺首，再配以金属挂件的门环。
The shape of the door ring can reflect the identity and status of the owner of the house, and it is one of the most decorative symbols that can reflect the level of the ritual architecture in the Chinese door culture. Beast-face ring is a common style for emperors and dignitaries. For example, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the door rings of the royal buildings were mostly dragon shaped...
或许是因为门环位于人视线直接所及的位置，所以中国的能工巧匠们将人们对美好、平安的生活期待巧妙的化为各种样式的门环，展示在门面之上。花卉图案、吉祥动物，几何纹样、兽头龙面等都是经常采用的装饰方法。“蝙蝠”寓意“多福”；“葵花”寓意“多子”；装饰“狮虎”寓意“镇宅”；装饰“蠡”（蠡为龙生九子之一，性情顽固，又习水性）寓意“防火”；装饰“六边形”寓意“六合”即“鹿鹤延年”等。
Perhaps it is because the door knocker is directly within the sight of people, so Chinese skilled craftsmen skillfully turn people's expectations of a beautiful and safe life into various types of door knockers and display them on the front. Flower patterns, auspicious animals, geometric patterns, animal heads and dragons are often used as decoration methods. "Bat" means "many blessings"etc.
当前最大的铺首位于南阳的医圣祠，该青铜铺首为虎口衔环，重达300公斤。
At present, the largest shop head is located in the Medical Sage Temple in Nanyang. The bronze shop head is a tiger mouth ring with a weight of 300 kg.
三、皇权象征门钉。
门钉原为构建需要，但后来除加固作用外，还兼具装饰及等级地位的代表。明代只对王城规定了“正门以红漆金涂铜钉”，无数量规定。到清朝，门钉的数量及所用材料便成为体现封建等级的重要形式，清代对大门门钉的使用在《大清会典》中亦有了详细规定。
The door studs were originally required for construction, but later, in addition to the reinforcement function, they also represented the decoration and rank status. The Ming Dynasty only stipulated that "the main gate was painted with red paint gold and copper nails", but there was no quantitative regulation.
亲王府制：“门钉纵九横七。”世子府、郡王府：“金钉、压脊各减亲王七分之二。”贝勒府、镇国公、辅国公：“公门铁钉纵横七。”公以下府第：“公门铁钉纵横皆七。侯以下递减至五。”通常皇家竖九路、横九路，王府七路乘七路，亲王七路乘九路，再往下就是五路乘五路。而皇权大门象征：门钉纵九横九。
The prince's mansion system: "The door nails are vertical and horizontal." The prince's mansion and the prince's mansion: "The gold nails and the ridge are reduced by two thirds of the prince." The prince's mansion, the Duke of Zhenguo and the Duke of Fuguo: "The public door iron nails are vertical and horizontal." ...
四、门墩石等级
门墩石按其形态分成三类：一种是抱鼓石，因其形态有战鼓般雄武壮美感，多放置于武官或武举人门前；第二种形似书箱，多放置于以书香传家的文人雅士门前；第三种为兽形圆雕门墩，多放置于寺庙、道观门前。
According to its shape, the gate pier stone can be divided into three types: one is the holding drum stone, which is usually placed in front of the gate of the military officials or the military examiners because of its powerful and beautiful shape like a war drum, The second kind looks like a bookcase.
明清时期，对抱鼓石有着严格规定和等级区分。皇族或官府的门前用狮子形的抱鼓石；高级武官的门前用抱鼓石形狮子抱鼓石，低级武官的门前用抱鼓形有兽头的抱鼓石；高级文官的门前用箱形有狮子的抱鼓石，低级文官用箱形有雕饰的抱鼓石；大富豪的门前用箱形无雕饰的抱鼓石，富豪则用石制抱鼓石，而普通民宅，则只能用木质方门墩或门枕石来代替。
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were strict regulations and hierarchical distinctions on the Baogu Stone. In front of the door of the royal family or government, a lion shaped drum stone is used; In front of the door of the senior military officer, a lion and a drum stone are used, while in front of the door of the junior military officer.
抱鼓寓意是通报来客之鼓，客来客往才显示出主人的人缘儿好，家业兴旺。门墩图案都是吉祥之物，表现人们对幸福美满生活的向往和对美好事物的追求与渴望。多刻有蝠(福)、鹿(禄)、桃(寿)、喜鹊(喜)、穗(岁)、瓶(平)、鹌(安)、“鱼”和“余”、富裕的“裕”谐音，羊(三阳开泰)和钱等图案，象征吉祥富裕、美好。雕“莲”和“鱼”的图案象征着“连年有余”。雕鲤鱼跃于两山之间的流水之中，表示鲤鱼跳龙门，象征着仕途高升。
The implication of holding the drum is to inform the guests of the drum. Only when the guests come and go can they show the host's good popularity and prosperity. The gate pier patterns are auspicious objects, showing people's yearning for a happy life and their pursuit and desire for beautiful things.
抱鼓石又叫"门当"，百姓口头语：门不当户不对，因“门当”级别相差太多而婚姻不相配，即来源于此。
Baogu Stone is also called "Mendang". People say that it is not right to be a doorman, because there are too many different levels of "Mendang" and marriage is not matched, which is the source of this.
一般情况下门墩石成对放置在紧靠大门口外两侧。
Generally, the gate pier stones are placed in pairs close to the outside of the gate.
五、石狮级别
一品官或公、侯等府第前的石狮子头部有十三个鬈毛疙瘩，谓之“十三太保”，一品官以下的石狮子鬈毛疙瘩，则要逐级递减，每减一品就要减少一个疙瘩，七品官以下人家的府第就不准安放这种石狮子。
The stone lions in front of the houses of the first grade officials or the dukes and marquises have thirteen frizzy bumps on their heads, which are called the "Thirteen Taibao". The frizzy bumps of the stone lions below the first grade officials will decrease gradually, and each drop will reduce one knot.
只有五品（相当于省以下、县以上）以上的官员才能在门口立石狮子。石狮子头上的发卷数，还可以进一步认定主人的官爵品级，皇帝的石狮有13排卷发，亲王有12排，其他官员依爵位递减。
Only officials above the fifth grade (equivalent to those below the provincial level and above the county level) can stand stone lions at the door. The number of curls on the head of the stone lion can further determine the rank of the master. The emperor's stone lion has 13 rows of curls, the prince has 12 rows, and other officials decline according to the rank.
通常狮子摆在宅院的南方大门旁，能起到避邪助运、吉祥如意的效果。一般情况下，左公右母成对放置在大门口外。
Usually the lion is placed beside the south gate of the house, which can play the role of avoiding evil spirits and helping luck, and achieving good luck. Generally, left male and right female are placed outside the gate in pairs.
六、历史变革
随着时代变迁，到了明清以后，门环等大门配件才慢慢进入普通百姓人家。但园林古建类木结构老房子且越来越少见了。中国古代等级森严的大门标配门环、门钉、门墩石、石狮，也逐渐淡出了人们视线。
With the change of the times, after the Ming and Qing dynasties, door accessories such as door rings slowly entered ordinary people's homes. However, the old houses with wooden structure of ancient garden buildings are increasingly rare. In ancient China, the door with strict hierarchy was also gradually out of sight with doorrings, door studs, doorblock stones and stone lions.
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