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系动词
系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。
一、系动词的分类：
常见的系动词大致可分为三类。
第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be, look, feel,seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, turn, out（结果是、证明是）等。
You’ll be all right soon.
You don’t look very well.
I feel rather cold.
第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become, get,grow, turn, fall, go, come, run等。
He became a world-famous scientist.
It is getting warmer and warmer.
第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep, remain,continue等。
Keep quiet, children!
The weather continued fine for a long time.
It remains to be proved.
系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。如：
The pepople are the real heroes.（名词）
That’s something we always have to keep in mind.（代词）
She is often the first to come here.（数词）
She is pretty and wise.（形容词）
The news was surprising.（分词）
His job is teaching English.（动名词）
The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）
I must be off now.（副词）
The bridge is under construction.（介词短语）
That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组）
This is why he was late.（从句）
二、系动词的使用特点：
1. 所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。
Our future will be beautiful.
She looks unhappy today.
Do you feel cold?
You seem/appear ill.
The food tastes delicious.
The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold.
He often went hungry.
2. 能用名词作表语的系动词有：be, become,turn sound, remain, seem等。
He was a postman six years ago.
He has become a famous doctor.
He turned traiter to his country.
That sounds a good idea.
He remains an ordinary worker.
He seems a stranger to me.
3. 能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear, seem,get, prove, remain, turn out等。
She appears/ seems to be very young.
He appears/ seems to have caught cold.
They got to be friends.
The meeting turned out to be successful.
The theory proved to be right.
Much remains to be done.
4. 能接从句的有：be, seem, appear, sound, look等。
That”s why he fell ill.
My idea is that we should help him.
It seems/ appears to me that something is wrong.
It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house.
Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
5. 能接介词短语的有：be, feel, look, sound, taste, remain等。
be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。
He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home/ on holiday.
The police are after him.
He is at work on a new invention.
He found the girl was in tears.
They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave.
The road is under repair.
其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：
It feels like a rain.
It looks like a rain.
It sounds like a train going under my room.
It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。）
The concert remains in my memory.
6. 能接分词的系动词有：be, become, get, grow, seem, appear等。
His report was surpring/ disappointing/ delighting/ moving/ astonishing…
The boy was moved/ delighted/ surprised/ disappointed/ astonished.
He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics.
He seems/ appears drunk.
系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用，这里就不再赘述了。
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get,become,turn这几个词作为系动词表示“变成”的意思时的区别
1．become是一个中性词，用于意义好、坏两方面的变化都可以，强调变化的过程已经完成，后面可接名词或形容词。例：
She becomes an English teacher.
What do you have to do to become a pilot?
He became angry when he heard the news.
Her dream has become a reality.
Richard becameaware of the gravity of the situation.
(1)通常不用become来谈论有目的的行动。
Please getready now.现在请作好准备。
(不能说：Please become ready now.)
(2) 但是become一般不可用来表示“将来变得……”的意思
表示将来之事的"成为…"，在口语中常用be来表示。
He wants tobecome a doctor.＝He wants to bea doctor.
(3)"演变到，终于……"不用become而用come to do来表示。
She has come tolike rock music.她终于喜欢摇滚乐了。
2．turn多用于指在颜色和性质等方面与以前的完全不同、看得见的或人人注目的状态上的变化，强调变化的结果，。turn后面多接表示颜色的形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。意思上侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”。
The man turned blue with fear.
The weather suddenly turned much colder.
She turned bright red and ran out of the room. He turns nasty after he's had acouple of drinks.他喝了几杯酒后就开始胡来。
3． get多用于口语，表示一种变化过程，常与形容词的比较级连用。强调的是“渐渐变得”，后常接形容词的比较级形式。
In winter the days get shorter.
The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice.
You get younger every day.
She is nice when you get to know her.
It’s gettingdarker and darker outside.
（1）与形容词连用，也可以用在lost,broken,dressed,married等过去分词的前面。它不像become那样正式。
It was gettingvery dark.天越来越黑了。(非正式)
You get youngerevery day.你越来越年轻了。(非正式)
They gotmarried in 1986and got divorced two years later.他们1986年结的婚，两年以后便离婚了。
（2）有时可以用get加动词不定式来表示逐渐变化。
After a fewweeks I got to like the job better.几个星期以后，我逐渐地更喜欢这个工作了。
She is nicewhen you get to know her.你逐渐了解了她以后，你会觉得她这个人不错
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常见的“变成”类系动词有become， get， come， go， grow， fall， turn， run等，都表示从一种状态到另一种状态。尽管意思都差不多，但搭配有差别，若不注意，运用时会出错。我们要注意以下几个方面。
1. 形容词作表语。
go和come是一对相反的词。''go+adj.''表示令人不快的事情，而''come+adj.''表示好的事情。如：
In hot weather， meat goes bad.
Things will comerigh in the end.
go与come前面的主语一般是物。如：
误：She goes famous.
正：She becomes（gets） famous.
表语为mad，crazy（古怪的），blind， lame或表示颜色的词，go前面的主语可以是人。如：
He went mad.
Hearing this， she went red.
run后面接short，dry， low， deep等词，主语多为能流动，能消耗掉的东西。如：
Their money wasrunning short.
Still waters rundeep.
但wild作表语，主语可以是人，如：。
Don't let thechildren run wild.
grow与run相对，接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，侧重于“逐渐变成”。如：The girl grewthinner and thinner.
Soon the sky grewlight.
turn多接表示颜色的形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，它侧重变得与以前完全不同。如：
The man turnedblue with fear.
The weathersuddenly turned much colder.
fall接asleep， silent等静态形容词和表示疾病的形容词，但不能接形容词比较级。如：
She fell illfroom cold.
（误）She fell from cold.
（正）She got worse.
fall short（没中），fall apart（散开），fall flat（没效果），可作成语记住。
''get+adj.''是口语，用得广泛，get能替代become， become较正式，get与become前面的主语既可以是人又可以是物。如：
He became（got） angry.
His coat hasbecome（got） badly torn.
get较多地与形容词比较级连用。如：
The days aregetting longer and longer.
注意：become一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。如：
（误）I hope you will become well.
（正）I hope you will get well.
2. become， turn， get， go， fall能用名词作表语，其它的则不能。如：
His dream hasbecome（got） a reality.
He has turnedscientist.
He has gonesocialist.
He fell（a） victim tocancer.
注意：go， turn后面的名词通常不带冠词。
3. become， get， grow能接过去分词，并且come和go多接有否定前缀的过去分词。“get＋过去分词”表示一次行为：“become＋过去分词”表示事情发生的最后结果。如：
The string comesuntied.
His report wentunnoticed.
The fence getswhite——washed every year.
She becameengaged as a typist.
4. get， go， come能接现在分词，不过它们已失去“成为”的意思。如：
They went in andgot chatting together.（开始）
We often go swimming.（去）
He came runningin（来）
5. come， grow， get能接不定式，这种结构表示变化过程，come表示“最终变得”get表示“由不……变得”，grow表示“渐渐变得”如：
I've really cometo love this place.
Mary's growing tobe more and more like her mother.
You'll soon getto like it.
这种结构不能用于带有一段时间的完成时态。如：
（误）They have got to know each other for years.
（正）They have known each other for years.
6. 它们都可以接介词短语，固定搭配需要一个一个地记。如：
They ran out ofmoney.
The problem will come underdiscussion.
They fell behindthe others.
What has becomeof the girl.
It's getting neartea-time.
我们今后在阅读时，要留心这些系动词的搭配，见得多，善于运用，自然也就记得牢了。
become，get，go，grow，run，turn都可以表示状态的变化，但要注意下面的几点：1.指人的情绪或身体状态的变化，多用become与get，两者可以互换。
1）Hearing what he said，the teacher got/became angry.
听到他所说的话，老师生气了。
2）I hope you will get well soon.
我希望你不久能痊愈。
2.become，get也用于天气、社会的发展变化，两者可以互换。
1）Our country is getting/becoming stronger and stronger.
我们的国家日益强大。
2）It's becoming/getting colder and colder.
天变得越来越冷。
3.指人的身体、精神或事物向不好的方面变化时，多用go，所以它后面的形容词常常是表示消极意义的。
1）Something has gone wrong with the machine.
机器出了毛病。
2）The meat has gone bad in such hot weather.
在如此热的天气，肉坏了。
on hearing thenews of the accident in the local mine， she ____pale.
A.got B. changed C. went D. appeared
gomad go bad go crazy
changclolour chang from red to green change into
4.指颜色的变化时，多用turn.
1）The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
秋天树叶变黄了。
2）When she saw this，she turned red.
看到这个，她的脸红了。
5.become与turn都可以接名词，become后的名词前有冠词，turn后的名词无冠词且常用单数。
1）She became a lawyer.
她成了一名律师。
2）He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.
成为作家之前他是一名教师。
注意：He became chairman of the party.他成了这一党派的主席。在此句话中，chairman前无冠词，因为它是一个表示职位的名词。如果一个职位在一定时期内由一个人担任时，这个表示职位的名词做表语、宾补和同位语时，常不用冠词。
例如：
1）He was president of the Republic at that time.
2）We elected him monitor of our class.
3）Mr.Hunter，captain of theteam，loves playing football.
这几个词用作连系动词时，都可以表示“变成”的意思，但具体用法有所不同。 become通常不用来表示未来的事，而表示变化过程已经完成，用法比较正式。如：I became ill.我病倒了。
get也表示变化的过程已经完成，比become口语化，通常与形容词连用。
如：He has got rich.他变富了。
go与get用法差不多，特别用于某些成语中。如：
go bad变坏，go blind变瞎，go hungry挨饿。
be表示“成为”的意思时，多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如：
He will be ascientist.他将成为一名科学家。
I would like tobe a bus-driver.我想成为一名公共汽车司机。
grow表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义。如：
My youngerbrother is growing tall.我的弟弟渐渐长高了。
turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如：
the milk turnedsour.牛奶变酸了。
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