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宸极英语语法1

          宸极教育英语语法

                                   ——by 李宏武

英语语法主要包括词法和句法两部分。词法研究词形的变化及用法,句法研究句子表达的方法。

句子的类型:

1.依据结构分类:简单句

                         并列句(由andbuteither…orneither…nor等连接)

                         复合句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)

2.依据功能分类:陈述句(肯定/否定陈述句)

                         疑问句(一般/特殊/选择/反意疑问句)

                        祈使句

                        感叹句(由whathow引导)

特殊句式:强调句、倒装句、反意疑问句、省略

英语的句子一般由:/主语+谓语+宾语/ 构成

He likes English.

像上面的句子,He为主语,likes为谓语,English为宾语;

句子的主语一般为名词(n.)或代词(pron.),谓语由动词(v.)充当,宾语一般也为名词(n.)或代词(pron./ He为代词,likes为动词like的第三人称单数,English为名词)

目录:一. 简单句

. 定语从句

. 名词性从句

. 动词

. 时态和语态

. 非谓语

.

               . 简单句

1.简单句的五种形式:

    1主语+谓语(不及物动词)       Everybody smiled.

    2主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语    I love you. 

    3主语+谓语+宾语+补语              Tom made the girl cry.

    4主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语  I will tell you a story.

    5主语+系动词+表语                   I am a student.

1主语+谓语(不及物动词)

He fainted.(他昏倒了。)

He went away.                away  adv.

(他离开了。)

 He went to the station.       to the station介词短语作adv .

(他去车站了。)

2主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语

He ate it.(他吃了它。)

They enjoy dancing.           dancing动名词作宾语

(他们喜爱跳舞。)   

I don’ t know how to do it .     how to do it名词短语作宾语

 (我不知道如何做此事。)

3主语+谓语+宾语+补语

He made me happy.            happy形容词作宾语补语

(他使我觉得愉快。)

We elected him chairman.       chairman名词作宾语补语

(我们选他当主席。)

makegetlet等词接宾语后可再接补语

4主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

I gave him a book.(我给他一本书。)

I told him a lie.   (我对他说了个谎。)

givetellask等授予及物动词,后接双宾语

5主语+系动词+表语

He is good.                     good  形容词作表语

(他人很好。)

It looks happy. 

系动词有:1.be动词 2. 感官动词looksoundtastesmellfeel  3. becometurngetseemappear

动词(v.):  vt.及物动词   vi.不及物动词

如何判断及物动词和不及物动词: 最好的判断方法是查词典。但在考试不能带词典进入考场时,我们可采用下列方法自己判断:

___他。(主动)

他被我___。(被动)

在上列的空格中,我们可以任意放人一个英文动词,翻译成中文后,意思若无毛病,就是及物动词,否则就是不及物动词。

如:kill

 kill

他被我kill

 由此得知我杀了他。他被我杀了。,语意无毛病,即可得知kill为及物动词。

如:dance跳舞

dance他。

 他被我dance

 由此得知我跳舞他。他被我跳舞。,语意有毛病,即可得知dance乃不及物动词。

当然,我___他。他被我___ 中的主语、宾语可任意变换,以符文意

如:do

约翰do(做)事情。

 事情被约翰do(做)。

 根据上述do是及物动词。

由此得知,我们很容易判断动词是否为及物或是不及物

及物动词:kill杀、love enjoy喜欢 do做、make制造、hate produce生产 notice注意等

不及物动词:dance跳舞、study读书、 happen发生、live生活 run跑步、sing唱歌

3.兼作及物与不及物动词之常用动词:

有些动词有两个或两个以上的意思,套用上述方法,可以判断出有些动词有时可当及物动词,有时可当不及物动词。此类动词在英文中为数不少,常用的动词有:

sing   vt.唱(一首歌) vi.唱歌

run    vt.经营(工厂)   vi.跑步

study  vt.研究(问题)   vi.读书

kill     vt.杀(某人)     vi.杀戮

4.有些不及物动词可变成及物动词,以同系名词作其宾语:

dream   vi.做梦 vt.做(梦)    dream a terrible dream (做一个可怕的梦)

live      vi.生活vt.过(生活)  live a happy life(过着快乐的生活)

smile    vi.微笑 vt.露出(微笑)smile a bright smile(露出开朗的微笑)

laugh    vi.笑   vt.展开(大笑)laugh a hearty laugh(开怀大笑)

sigh      vi.叹气 vt.叹(气)   sigh a deep sigh (深深地叹一口气)

sleep     vi.睡眠vt.睡(觉)   sleep a sound sleep(睡了安稳的一觉)

5.完全及物动词与完全不及物动词:

完全及物动词和完全不及物动词的定义:

 a.完全及物动词:加了宾语后,意思才很完全的动词。

He killed her.   vt. (他杀了她。)

b.完全不及物动词:不需加宾语,意思就很完全的动词。

He laughed.    vi. (他笑了。)

6.完全及物动词出现的结构:

 a.主语+及物动词+宾语

He wrote a book.(他写了一本书。)

b.主语+be动词+及物动词的现在分词+宾语

 本句型用以表示某动作正在进行的主动状态。

He was writing a book.

c.主语+be动词+过去分词(past participle,简称p . p.

 本句型用以表示被动的概念。

The book was written by him.

d.主语+be动词+being+过去分词

 本句型用以表示某动作正在进行的被动状态。

A book was being written by him.

7.完全不及物动词出现的结构:

 a.主语+不及物动词

Something happened.  (有事情发生了。)

b.主语+be动词+不及物动词的现在分词

 本句型用以表示某动作正在进行的状态。

Something was happening.(有事情正在发生。)

Something was happened.(错句)  happened是不及物动词,故无被动语态。

注意:1)完全不及物动词,就是意思很完全的不及物动词。这个动词置于主语之后可单独存在,之后不须加任何词类意思就很完全。

如:Something happened.(有事情发生了。)

 happened(发生)意思完全,故之后不需加名词或形容词以补充其意思的不足。

 He died. (他死了。)

 died是完全不及物动词,意思完整,故可单独存在,不须接名词或形容词等词类,以补充其意思的不足。

2)但完全不及物动词之后,可接副词(adverb,简写成adv.)或副词对等语(如 介词短语,状语从句等),以修饰该动词。

Something happened yesterday.(昨天有事情发生。)

He died in an accident(介词短语).(他死于一场意外。)

He left because he didn’t want to see Mary again(状语从句). (他走了,因为他不想再见到玛丽。)

不完全及物动词

不完全及物动词incomplete transitive verb)仍属一种及物动词,但此类动词加了宾语之后,意思并不完全,需要加补语(complement),以补充意思之不足。

makelethaveseeobservewatchnotice等动词后要接省去to的不定式充当宾补。

make

  1. make制造解时,为完全及物动词。

He made a kite.  本句意思完整,故无需补语。

2.但make若作使解时,则为不完全及物动词。

He made Mary happy.  (他使玛丽快乐。)happy为形容词,此处作宾语补语,使整句完整。

宾语补语”o . c.(objective complement的缩写);表语(主语补语)则称作 subjective complement简写成s .c.

He made Mary clean the window.(他叫玛丽擦窗子。) clean为原形动词,连同the window一起作宾语补语,使句意完全。

      不完全及物动词的分类及用法:

 a.使役动词

1)叫……

make/have+宾语+动词原形(作补语)

made him wash the car. (我叫他洗车。)

had John report to me(我叫约翰向我报到。)

a ) get亦可表 之意,但只能用不定式短语作宾语补语,句型如下:

 get sb. to do 叫某人从事⋯⋯

got him to wash the car. (我叫他洗车。)

b ) make可使用于被动语态中但haveget则不可。

被动语态:

He was made to wash the car.  (他被要求洗车也照做了。) 变被动语态时,原形动词wash就要变成不定式短语to wash,而成to wash the car

2)让

此时使用let,句型如下:

a ) let+宾语+动词原形(作宾语补语)

I let him wash the car. (我让他洗车。)

I let Peter try it.      (我让彼得试试看。)

b ) let+宾语+作副词用的介词(in out down

He let me in.        (他让我进来。)

Don’t let him out.    (别让他出去。)

His performance let me down. (他的表演令我失望。)

1)上述介词由于其后无宾语,可单独存在作副词用,因此称为介副词。与地方副词(如there here home)一样,介副词可作be动词之后的表语。

He is in.(他在家。)

He is out.(他出去了。)

He is there.(地方副词) (他在那里。)

He is here.(地方副词)  (他在这里。)

He is home.(地方副词) (他在家里。)

He is downtown.(地方副词) (他在城里。)

He is in the house.in the house为地方副词短语) (他在房子里。)

2)在let之后不可用地方副词作补语。

3 let之后若用动词原形作补语,变被动语态时,该动词原形要变成不定式短语。但此用法已不多见。

I let him wash the car.

He was let to wash the car .(罕见)

3)强迫/要求/怂恿/催促

此类动词+宾语+不定式短语(作宾语补语)

I forced him to recite the lesson .(我强迫他背这课。)

I asked him to write the letter.(我要求他写这封信。)

I encouraged him to work harder.  (我鼓励他更努力些。)

He compelled ( = forcedme to do it against my will . (他强迫我做违反意愿的事。)

He told me to finish the work by ten . (他叫我10点钟以前做完这件工作。)

此类动词尚有许多个,常出现的此类动词列举如下:

push one to⋯  (催促某人去

seduce one to (勾引某人去

entice one to⋯ (引诱某人去

expect one to⋯ (期望某人去

want one to    (要某人去

此类动词变被动语态时,仍用不定式短语作补语。

I asked him to write the letter .(我请求他写这封信。)

He was asked to write the letter. (他被请求写这封信。)由于to write the letter修饰主语,故称主语补足语。

4)使 成为

此类动词只有make一个,加了宾语之后,要用形容词或名词作补语,句型如下: 主语+make+宾语+形容词/名词(作宾语补语)

His teacher made him a good student. (名词作宾语补语)

(他的老师使他成为好学生。)

The trip made him happy. (形容词作宾语补语)(这次旅行使他很愉快。)

由于make之后的宾语可直接接名词或形容词作补语,故不必造成下列的句子: His teacher made him become a good student.(错句)

The trip made him be happy.(错句)

b.知觉动词

此类动词有三类:

看:see observe(观察)、 watch(看)、 look at(注视)、 notice(注意)

听:hear listen to

感觉:feel

1)此类动词可作完全及物动词,加了宾语之后无须另加补语。

Did you see him         (你看见他没有?)

He was listening to music.  (他当时正在听音乐。)

I felt a pain in my back.    (我觉得背痛。)

2)但此类动词亦可作不完全及物动词,加了宾语之后,须另加宾语补语。

a)表事实时,用原形动词作补语,译成了。

I saw him dance. (我看见他跳舞了。)

I heard him sing. (我听见他唱歌了。)

I felt him move. (我感觉到他动了。)

b)表进行状态时,用现在分词作补语,译成 正在

I saw him dancing when I walked in.

(我进来时,看见他正在跳舞。)

As I pushed the door open, I heard him singing.  

(我推开门时,听见他正在唱歌。)

When the doorbell rang, I felt my legs trembling.

(门铃响时,我感觉到我的双腿正在发抖。)

c)表被动状态时,要用过去分词作补语,译成

I saw him killed.        (我看见他被杀死了。)

I heard the door closed. (我听见门被关起来了。)

I felt myself lifted.      (我感觉到自己被举起来了。)

以上三种补语变被动语态时,除动词原形要变成不定式短语之外,其余不变。

I saw him do it. (我看见他做那件事。)

He was seen to do it.

I saw him dancing. (我当时看见他正在跳舞。)

He was seen dancing

c.任命动词

此类动词多表选举指派之意,其宾语之后接表职位的名词作补语,通常该名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词常用的有:

 elect(选举)、 assign(指派)、 appoint(任命)。

We elected him chairman of the committee. (我们选他为委员会主席。)

The colonel assigned him platoon leader. (上校指派他为排长。)

d.认定动词

此类动词均表 之意,加了宾语之后,用名词或形容词作宾语补语。

  1)与介词连用者:

We regard/look upon/think of/see/view him as a genius.(我们都把他视为天才。)

l mistook the longhaired boy for a girl(我误将那长发的男孩视作女孩。)

2)与to be连用者:

We consider/deem/think him to be a genius.(我们认为他是天才。)

to be可省略,而成:

We consider/deem/think him a genius.

a)一般介词之后只能用名词、代词或动名词作宾语。

I am sick of his rude attitude.     (我很讨厌他粗鲁的态度。)

I am sick of associating with him.  (我讨厌与他为伍。)

但表的动词与asfor连用时,它们之后除可接名词外,亦可直接接形容词作补语。

I regard his behavior as inappropriate.

(我认为他的行为不当。)

John works hard, so I take it for granted that he’ll be successful someday.

(约翰很努力,因此他总有一天会成功,我认为这是理所当然的事。)

bthinkbelievefinddeemconsider等五个动词作不完全及物动词时,不得直接用不定式短语作宾语,一定要用形式宾语it取代。此时thinkdeem consider译成认为 句型如下:

主语+think/believe/find/deem/consider+it+宾语补语(n.adj .+to do

I think it fun to climb mountains.

(我认为爬山是很有趣的我认为爬山很有趣。)

I find it necessary to do the work.

(我发觉做这件事是有必要的我发觉做这事有必要。)

I deem it an honor to give this speech.

(我认为能做这次演讲是一项荣誉我很荣幸能做这次演讲。)

findbelievethinkdeemconsider亦可作完全及物动词, 此时要用that引导的名词性从句作宾语。此时findbelievethinkdeemconsider分别译成发现相信认为 认为

cmake使 成为 时,亦为不完全及物动词,其后不得直接用不定式短语作宾语,一定要用形式宾语it取代。 句型如下:

主语+make+it+宾语补语(n.或adj .+to do

He made it a rule to get up early.

(他有早起的习惯。)

make it a rule to do = make it a habit to do  变成习惯

Hard work made it possible for him to win the honor.

(努力工作使他有可能赢得此荣誉。)

dfindbelievethinkdeemconsider作不完全及物动词时,亦不得直接用that引导的名词性从句作宾语一定要用形式宾语it代替。

I find it wonderful that he sings so well.

(我发觉他歌唱得这么好真是太棒了。)

I believe it necessary that he should work hard.

(我相信他努力用功是有必要的。)

The difficulty of the job made it necessary that he should do it with care.

(该工作的困难性使得他小心去做是有必要的该工作的困难性使得他有必要小心去做。)

e.转变动词

此类动词均表使⋯⋯变成⋯⋯之意,常用的有changeturn两个。通常要与介词into连用。

The experience turned/changed him into a good student.

(这个经验使他变成了好学生。)

f.其他重要的不完全及物动词

They set him free.                  (他们释放了他。)

I painted the door green.            (我将门漆成绿色。)

The sigh stuck him dumb.            (该景象使他目瞪口呆。)

The baby cried itself to sleep(介词短语). (小宝宝哭着睡着了。)

His assistance will render= makesuccess certain.(他的协助将使成功在握。)

The misfortune nearly drove him mad.(那次不幸的遭遇几乎使他发疯。)

They named the baby Tom.          (他们给小宝宝取名为汤姆。)

They call him a liar.                (他们叫他骗子。)

Don’t leave the door open.          (别让门敞开着。)

You must keep your teeth clean.      (你一定要让你的牙齿保持干净。)

I want the job done no later than five.done为宾补,过去分词作形容词用)

(我要这项工作在五点以前做完。)

Help metofind my watch.(不定式短语作宾语补语)

(帮我找我的表。)     

不完全及物动词help之后接了宾语,再以不定式短语作宾语补语时to可省略。

授予动词

授予动词(dative verb,简写成d . v .)为及物动词的一种,须接两个宾语。第一个宾语叫做间接宾语(indirect object,简写成i. o.),表授予的对象;第二个宾语叫直接宾语(direct object,简写成d . o. ),表授予的东西。

I will give you this watch.(我要送你这只手表。)

Please lend me your book.(请把你的书借我。)

I bought him a car. (我买了辆车给他。)

I asked him a question.(我问了他一个问题。)

以上结构中,you me him均为间接宾语,this watch your book a car a question均为直接宾语。

间接宾语与直接宾语倒置的原则

若间接宾语与直接宾语位置颠倒时,就需要另加介词to forof

  a.表给予的概念要用to

I gave him the book. = I gave the book to him. (我给他这本书。)

I sent him the letter. = I sent the letter to him.(我寄这封信给他。)

I told him the story. = I told the story to him.(我讲这个故事给他听。)

I teach them English. = I teach English to them.(我教他们英文。)

b. 代劳的概念要用for

I bought him the book. = I bought the book for him.(我为他买了这本书。)

I made him a chair. = I made a chair for him.(我替他做了一把椅子。)

c.表 的概念,要用of

I asked him a question. = I asked a question of him.(我问他一个问题。)

I didn’t expect much of him.(我对他不抱很大的期望。)

He required nothing of me. (他对我毫无所求。)

He demanded little of me.  (他对我几无所求。)

上面三个动词不得像ask一样,可将间接宾语置于前面。

of连用的授予动词:

下列动词亦与of连用,但是与上述不同的是,of之后是以表东西的名词为宾语,而非以表对象的名词为宾语。

a. rob 抢夺

He robbed me of my money.(他抢了我的钱。)

I was robbed of my money.(我的钱被抢了。)

b. deprive 剥夺(权利)

The court deprived him of all his civil rights.(法院剥夺了他的公民权利。)

He was deprived/stripped of all his civil rights. (他被剥夺了公民权利。)

c. relieve  解除(职务、指挥权等)

The captain relieved the platoon leader of his command.

(连长解除了排长的指挥权。)

d. rid   解除,摆脱

I cannot rid myself of the painful memory.

= I cannot get rid of the painful memory. (我无法摆脱这段痛苦的回忆。)

e. break  戒除

You should break/rid yourself of the bad habit of smoking.

You should break the bad habit of smoking. (你应该戒除抽烟的恶习。)

f. cure治愈

The doctor cured him of his disease.

The doctor cured his disease. (医生治好了他的病。)

提供的授予动词:

常用的此类动词有offer , provide , supply , furnish ,present等。除offer以外,其余的要与介词with连用。

He offered me all I needed.

He provided/supplied me with all I needed.

(他提供我所需要的东西。)

a. He offered me all I needed.

  He offered all I needed to me.

  He provided me with all I needed.

  He provided all I needed for me.

b. offer除表提供外,亦表愿意、主动提议,此时接不定式短语作宾语,句型如下:

offer to do= be willing to do 愿意

After he heard of my situation, he offered to help me.

(当他听说我的情形后,便自愿帮助我。)

c. present(赠与)的用法与provide相似,不同的是将间接宾语置于句尾时,要与介词to连用。

He presented me with a watch.  = He presented a watch to me.(他送我一块手表。)

其他补充要点:

explain(解释), introduce(介绍),propose(提议), recommend(建议), express(表示)等动词,不论间接或直接宾语的位置是否颠倒,均要与to连用。

He explained the reason to me me为间接宾语

= He explained to me the reason .(少用)   (他向我解释缘由。)

He introduced the girl to me

= He introduced to me the girl.(少用)      (他把那位女孩介绍给我。)

He recommended the method to me

=He recommended to me the method.(少用)(他建议我用这个方法。)

He proposed a motion to the committee.

= He proposed to the committee a motion .(少用)(他向委员会提了一个提议。)

不完全不及物动词:

这类动词(简写成i. vi.即连系动词)意思不完全,因而无法单独存在,之后要接名词、形容词或名词对等语(如代词、动名词、不定式、名词短语、名词性从句等),以补充其意思的不足。我们把系动词后的成分称作表语(subjective complement—主语补语,简称s . c .)。

He looks happy.    happy  adj .

(他看起来很快乐。)

He became a good student.    a good student  n .

 (他变成了好学生。)

My trouble is that I have no money.    that I have no money名词性从句

 (我的困难就是没钱。)

He is in danger now.       in danger now 介词短语

(他正处于危险。)

系动词1. be动词;

be动词之后可用名词(含名词对等语)或形容词(含作形容词的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、地方副词或地方副词短语等)作表语。

用名词作表语时,be动词译成;用形容词作表语时,be动词不必译出;用 地方副词或地方副词短语作表语时,be动词译成

 be动词之后有十一种表语

1)名词:

He is a great hero. is译成)(他是大英雄。)

2)名词性从句:

The trouble with me is that I lack money. is译成 (我的麻烦是缺钱。)

The problem is whether he can join us. is译成)(问题是他是否能加人我们。)

3)名词短语:

The question is when to set out. is译成)(问题是何时出发。)

4)作名词用的动名词短语:

My hobby is collecting stamps. is译成 (我的兴趣是集邮。)

5)作名词用的不定式短语:

My purpose here is to see him. is译成 (我来这里的目的是要见他。)

6)形容词:

She is beautiful. is不必译出) (她很美。)

7)作形容词用的现在分词:

The story is interesting. is不必译出) (这故事真有趣。)

8)作形容词用的过去分词:
I am interested in the story.
am不必译出) (我对这故事感兴趣。)

9)作形容词用的介词短语:

此类介词短语由“ of+抽象名词形成。

The book is of great value.is 不必译出)

The book is valuable.  (这本书很有价值。)

The machine is of no use. is不必译出)

The machine is useless.(那部机器毫无用处。)

10)地方副词:

She is there. is译成     (她在那儿。)

They are upstairs. are译成 (他们在楼上。)

Is he home now?              (他现在在家吗?)

11)地方副词短语:

 本短语由介词+地方名词形成。

She is in town. (is译成” )             (她人在城里。)

They are at home now. ( are译成” ) (他们现在在家。)

She is in danger. ( is译成” )          (她有危险。)

 a ) be动词之后的现在分词有两种词性:

一作形容词,一作动词进行时的现在分词。换言之,遇到v -ing;可译成 时,就是作形容词的现在分词,否则就是表进行状态的现在分词,要译成正在 ,而不视为形容词。

The girl is charming.(这女孩很迷人。)charming可译成迷人的,故此处为形容词。

 句型分析如下:

The girl/ is/ charming. Charming为现在分词,作形容词,当表语。

The girl is singing.(这女孩在唱歌。) singing不可能译成唱歌的,而是由完全不及物动词sing转变成的现在分词,置于be动词之后,表进行的状态,译成正在唱歌

句型分析如下:

The girl/ is singing.    is singing为完全不及物动词sing的进行时

 以上句子不可分析成:

The girl/ is/ singing.

了解上述结构分析后,当可知道下列句子的结构应分析如下:

The girl/ is bathing. is bathing为完全不及物动词的进行时(这女孩正在洗澡。)

 bbe动词之后的过去分词亦有两个词性:

一作形容词用,可译成感到 ;一作及物动词的被动语态,译成…” 而不视为形容词。

The man is tired. (这个人很累。)  tired可译成感到累的故此处为形容词。

 句型分析如下:

 The man /is / tired.    tired为过去分词,作形容词,当表语

再看下列例:

The man was killed. (这男的被杀了。)  killed不能译成感到杀的” ,而要译成被杀,故killed为完全及物动词的被动语态。

 句型分析如下:

 The man /was killed.   was killed为及物动词kill的一般过去时被动语态

c)比较下列两句中washing的词性:

He is washing the car.       washing 现在分词

His job is washing cars.     washing 动名词

be动词之后出现V -ing时,该V -ing有时是现在分词,有时却是动名词,区分方法如下:

方法1

 V -ing之前的be动词可译成正在时,该V -ing就是现在分词。

He is washing the car. (他正在洗车。) washing为现在分词。

 V -ing之前的be动词可译成时,该V -ing就是动名词。

 His job is washing cars. (他的工作就是洗车。)本句中的washing不是现在分词,而是动名词,置于be动词之后,作表语。

方法2

 be动词之后的V -ing可与主语互换时,该V -ing就是动名词;若不能互换时,就是现在分词。

He is washing the car.  (他在洗车。)

Washing the car is he.(错句) (洗车子就是他。)

 故本句中的washing为现在分词。

His job is washing cars. (他的工作是洗车。)

  Washing cars is his job.(洗车是他的工作。)

故本句中的washing是动名词,具有名词的功能,既可作表语,亦可作主语。

2.一些实义动词用作系动词:looksoundtaste, smellfeel五个感官动词(一律译成“····起来, 之后一律用形容词(或可作形容词用的分词)作表语。

His idea sounds good.   good为形容词(他的主意听起来不错。)

The food smells good.   good为形容词(这食物闻起来很香。)

I feel tired now.        tired为形容词 (我现在觉得很疲倦。)

It looks interesting.   interesting为形容词(它看起来很有趣。)

1)       感官动词后绝不可用名词作表语,若要与名词连用时,须采下列句型:

look + like+名词

sound + like+名词

taste + like+名词

smell + like+名词

feel + like+名词

like为介词译成,之后的名词为其宾语。

It / sounds/ like/ a good idea .(听起来像是个好主意。)

That material / feels/ like /silk. (那质料摸起来像丝。)

The food /tastes / like /fish. (这食物尝起来像鱼肉。)

2 feel like+名词     感觉像····

feel like+动名词    想要

When Jane said she would marry me, I felt like a newborn baby.

(当简说她要嫁给我时,我觉得我就像个新生儿一样。)

I feel like taking a walk today.

= I would like to take a walk today.(我今天想散散步。)

3feeltastesmell亦可当完全及物动词,可用名词作宾语。此时feeltaste smell的意思均有改变。

 feel(摸)+名词

 taste(尝)+名词

 smell(闻)+名词

The doctor felt my forehead and said I had a fever. 

felt vt.  my forehead n.作宾语 (医生摸我的额头说我发烧了。)

Don’ t taste that foodit has spoiled.  taste vt.   that food   n.作宾语

(别尝那食物,它已经馊了。)

He smelled something burning.   smelled vt.    something  pron.作宾语

(他闻到有东西烧焦了。)

4look与介词连用时,可形成短语动词,视为及物动词。如:

look into = investigate   vt.调查

look over = examine   vt.检查

look at = watch      vt.看

此时,就要用副词修饰这些短语动词。

He looked at me happily.

(他愉快地看着我。)

He look into the case carefully.

(他仔细地调查这件案子。)

上列句中的副词经常会置于look与介词之间,而成:

He looked happily at me.

He looked carefully into the case.

所以look不一定是感官动词,不一定置形容词于其后

look之后有介词时,look就不是感官动词,而与该介词形成短语动词(如 look into / look at ),一定要用副词修饰,而非以形容词修饰。

3.become  变成

 become可用任何名词、形容词或可作形容词用的现在分词或过去分词(即可以译成 之类的分词)作表语。

He became angry.     angry为形容词

(他生气了。)

You’ll become a good student if you study hard.   a good student为名词

(如果你用功,就可成为好学生。)

She is becoming more and more charming  charming为形容词

(她愈来愈迷人。)

 charming可译成令人着迷的,故可作形容词使用。

After failing, he became depressed.        depressed为形容词

(失败后,他变得意志消沉。)

depressed可译成感到消沉的,故可作形容词使用。

4. turn  变成

turn通常只用形容词作表语,而且所能使用的形容词多与颜色或情绪有关。

His face turned pale when he heard the news.   pale 形容词

 (听到那消息时,他脸色变得苍白起来。)

The leaves were turning yellow.     yellow形容词

(树叶变黄了。)

 His face turned red with anger when he saw Mary.

(看到玛丽时,他气得脸都红了。)

She became beautiful.

(她变漂亮了。)

beautiful不是与颜色或情绪有关的形容词,故不可在turn之后作表语。

turn亦可用以表示转业,通常与名词连用,形成复合词,作形容词用。

Mr. Johnson is a soldierturned farmer.(约翰逊先生是个军人转业的农夫。)

5.get(变成)

 get通常用表生气激动的形容词作表语。若用其他形容词时,宜用 become

He got mad.  mad 形容词 (他生气了。)

She became beautiful.     (她变漂亮了。)

Things have become good. (事情变好了。)

get用于进行时的结构中,之后可接任何形容词的比较级形态作表语。

: be getting more and more+任何形容词

She is getting more and more beautiful. (她愈来愈美丽。)

Things are getting better and better.    (事情愈来愈顺利。)

2get+ p.p.(被动语态)

    be+ p.p.

本句型表 之意。 get等于be动词,不可译为变成  p . p.为past participle的缩写即过去分词

He got killed in the accident . = He was killed in the accident . (他在车祸中丧生。)

If you are no careful, you’ll get hurt.

If you are no careful, you’ll be hurt.

(你如果不小心点,就会受伤。)

6.seem似乎 = appear

 seem之后用不定式短语作表语。

He seems to know it. (他似乎知道此事。)

 但在seem to be+名词/形容词结构中,to be可省略,直接用名词或形容词作表语。

He seems to be happy.

= He seems happy.      (他似乎很快乐。)

He seems to be a nice man.    a nice man名词

= He seems a nice man. (他似乎是个好人。)

 二.定语从句

定语从句:从句作定语,修饰前面的名词或者代词,被修辞的名词、词组或者代词叫先行词

I know the girl.

The girl comes from Beijing.

I know the girl who comes from Beijing.

定语从句的引导词:关系代词,关系副词

关系代词:thatwhichwho/whomwhoseas  缺主//关代

关系副词:thatwherewhenwhy              不缺主// 关副

判断关系代词和关系副词的方法:

通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分

  Is this the museumthatyou visited a few days ago?

        the museum充当visit的宾语

  Is this the museumin which/wherethe exhibition was held?

关系代词:前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分;

介词+which,恰好表示时间和地点,可以替换成whenwhere这样的关系副词       

1.   关系代词引导的定语从句:

关系代词(简称关代)有连接词的功能,用以引导定语从句。

关系代词的选择依据:

(1)   依据先行词的含义。即弄清先行词是指人,指物;指地点,指时间,指原因。

(2)   依据关系词的语法功能。即弄清先行词在从句中担任什么成分,是主语还是宾语,是定语还是状语(作定语常用whose;作状语常用wherewhenwhy)。

先行词是指人,用whowhowhom都用于指人,who在从句作主语或宾语,whom作宾语);先行词是指物,用whichwhich在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略);that既可以指人,又可以指物(在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略);whose可以指人,也可以指物, 表示“……,在在定语从句中作定语;as引导定语从句常出现于the same…assuch…asas…asso…as等结构中,as在从句中即可指人、物,也可指整个句子。

WhoHe is a man who always means what he says.

 关代who引导的定语从句 (他是个说话算话的人。)

WhichThat’s the book which I like.

 关代which引导的定语从句 (那是我所喜欢的书。)

 He works hard, which is a fact that we all know.

关代which引导的定语从句  关代that= which)引导的定语从句

(他努力工作是我们都知道的事实。)

在上列三个例句中,关系代词whowhichthat分别代替人、物或整个句子。

  第一例中,who代替a man ;

第二例中,which代替the book ;

第三例中,which代替He works hard整个句子,而that则等于which,代替a fact

WhomThe person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.(你应该去问的人是波尔先生。)

She will introduce me to some of her friends, one of whom has been to China several times.

引导定语从句时介词后面用关系代词whom,不用who

介词加whichwhom,不加thatwho

ThatThis is the only way that we can think out.

Whose:关系代词所有格乃人称代词所有格(hisyourtheirourits )变化而成,和关系代词一样,引导定语从句,修饰前面的名词。

She has an uncle.  His name is Peter.

= She has an uncle whose name is Peter. (她有一个名叫彼得的叔叔。)

I like that house.  Its location looks good to me.

=I like that house, whose location looks good to me .(我喜欢那栋房子,它的地点看起来不错。)

I hate John, in whose words I have no trust.(可)

I hate John, whose words I have no trust in.(佳)

As:置于主句句末的从句,as常在定语从句中作主语,宾语和表语等。

I want to use the same dictionary as was used yesterday.

He isn’t such a man as he used to be.

Let’s meet at the same place as we did yesterday.

They won the first place in the game, as is expected.

    As引导的从句放在句首。但有时也放在主语和谓语之间。

As we all know, the Chinese language is flushed with idioms and proverbs .(众所周知,中华文化成语多如繁星,谚语不胜枚举。)

I’m very interested in, as you know, classical music.

常见的as引导的定语从句的固定表达方式:

as has been said before

as may be imagined

as is well known

as was expected

as has been already pointed out

as we all can see

2.关系副词引导的定语从句:

关系副词有thatwherewhenwhy,在定语从句中作状语,不可省略,关系副词有时也可用介词+which”代替。

Where:在定语从句中作地点状语,指代地点,相当于in whichon which等。

       Beijing is the place where I was born.

       Beijing is the place in which I was born.

Beijing is the place which I was born in.

When:在定语从句中作时间状语,指代时间,相当于in whichon whichat whichduring which等。

     I can't forget the day when I joined the army.

     I can't forget the day on which I joined the army.

I can't forget the day which I joined the army on.

Why:在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于for which

    He didn’t tell her the reason why he was so happy.

关系副词均由介词+关系代词which”变化而成: where ( = in which , on which , at which ) when ( = in which , on which , at which ) why ( = for which )

介词的选择:

where引导的定语从句只用来修饰表示地方的名词。我们在初中时已学到,表大地方 (如城市、国家、区域)时,介词要用in;表建筑物(如车站、商店、银行等) 时,介词要用at;表内部(在 之内)时,介词要用in;表外在(在 上面)时,介词要用on 。因此,关系副词where可等于in which on which at which

when所引导的定语从句只用以修饰表时间的名词。我们已知,表日子时,介词要用on(如on Sundayon Dec. 21);表年、月或一段时间时,介词要用in (如in Julyin 1981in those days);表几时几刻时,介词要用at(如at 8 o’clock)。 因此,关系副词when可等于at whichin whichon which

why只用以修饰the reason(理由),系由for which变化而成。

注意:(1)当先行词是reason时,引导词用why。当主句主语是reason时,作表语的成分不能用becausebecause of。其句型一般为“The reason why…is that…”“The reason that…is that…”。如:

Is this the reason why he was late for school

Is this the reason that he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work

2casepointconditionssituation等表示情况,方面等名词后,可接where从句,这种用法的where相当于under whichfrom which等,表示在这种情况下,从等。如:

He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.

关系副词that的用法:

当先行词是daytimereasonplace之类的词,且先行词在定语从句中做状语,那么关系词可以是thatthat相当于介词+which”,通常可省略

I cannot forget the daythat/when/on whichyou were born.

谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:关系紧密&关系疏远;

   关系紧密:谓语结构和介词合成在一起,联系紧密,不可分割,一旦分割意思就会发生改变,如:look for(寻找),look in(顺路走访), look after(照顾),call on(拜访)

    关系疏远:look at(看),be interested in

定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词的关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词的关系疏远,介词一般提到which的前面;

      This is the book which you are looking for.

      This is the book which you asked for(找).

This is the book which you are interested in.

      This is the book in which you are interested.

    定语从句的省略

1.限定性定语从句中,若关系词在从句中充当主语,关系词可以省略,后面的动词发生形式变化(分词作后置定语)

I know the girl who comes from the United States.

I know the girl coming from the United States.

I have a dog which is named King.

I have a dog named King.

I was born in the hospital which was built in 1955.

I was born in the hospital built in 1955.

形式变化规则:主动变—ing,被动直接保留过去分词

       公式:  n.+v—ingn.+v—ed

特殊变形:

 I’m sure to attend the meeting which will be held next Monday.

 I’m sure to attend the meeting to be held next Monday.   to be held为不定式作后置定语

I know the girl who was praised by the teacher.(此句中,如把过去分词当作adj.,则不是被动)

I know the girl being praised by the teacher.

2.关系代词之前有介词时,介词可移至所引导的定语从句句尾,此时可省略关系代词。

He is a man with whom I enjoy working.

He is a man whom I enjoy working with.

He is a man I enjoy working with.

The house in which we live is very large.

The house which we live in is very large.

The house we live in is very large.

 关系代词之前有介词时,可将该从句变换成不定式短语。

He has no house in which he can live.

  He has no house in which to live.

 He has no house to live in.

Lend me your pen with which I can write my address.

 Lend me your pen with which to write my address.

Lend me your pen to write my address with.(把你的笔借我,我好写我的住址。)                  

3.限制性定语从句中,若关系代词为及物动词的宾语,则该关系代词可省略。

This is the boy who I saw yesterday.

This is the boy I saw yesterday. (名词+名词/代词,中间省略了关系代词)(这是我昨天看见的男孩。)

I enjoy reading the book which I bought yesterday.

I enjoy reading the book I bought yesterday.

(我喜欢看我昨天买的书。)

4.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,可以省略。

Tom is not the honest boythathe used to be.

5.紧跟着way后面的关系代词可以省略。

  The wayin which/thathe speaks to her is unbearable.

6.当先行词是daytimereasonplace之类的词,且先行词在定语从句中做状语,那么关系词可以是thatthat相当于介词+which”,通常可省略

  I shall never forget the daywhenwe first met.

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句:先行词(即名词)后面有一个逗号;

(不可以用thatwhy来引导非限制性定语从句)

In our school, there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.(限制性定语从句)

  In our school, there were 8 foreign teachers, who come from Australia.(非限制性定语从句)

限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;

This is the house which we bought last month.

非限制性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;

    非限制性定语从句:

先行词可以是前面的整句话;

He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.

We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.               

This is the house, which we bought last month.

which引导的非限制性定语从句放在后面,as可前可后;

Smoking is harmful to our health, which we know.

As we know, smoking is harmful to our health.

非限制性定语从句翻译成中文时,按顺序译出来。(限制性定语翻译时,先译定语从句,再译先行词。)

He is a gentleman, who never breaks his word.(他是个君子,从不食言。)

He is a gentleman who never breaks his word.(他是个从不食言的君子。)

非限制性定语从句的先行词为专有名词(如TomJohnAfrica)及独一无二的名词,如father(某人唯一的亲属), son,之后若接关系代词所引导的定语从句时,该关系代词之前一定要置逗号。此时该定语从句就称为非限制性定语从句。专有名词或独一性名词本身就具有特殊性,不必再用定语从句加以限定。所以非限制性定语从句翻译成中文时,按顺序译出来。(限制性定语翻译时,先译定语从句,再译先行词。)

I met John, who is my classmate. (我遇到约翰,他是我的同班同学。)

He has just come back from New York, which is a very big city in the United States.(他刚从纽约回来,那是美国的一座大城市。)

Here comes my father, who is an English teacher.(我父亲来了,他是个英文老师。)

That’s my only son, who is attending college now.(那是我的独子,他正在念大学。)

I went to the train station this morning, which was crowded with passengers. (我今早去火车站,车站里挤满了旅客。)

此处的the train station指的是说者或听者都知道的那个火车站,故视为独一性名词。

非限制性定语从句可化简为先行词的同位语:

 who +be +n.

which+be+n.

 上述结构可化简为先行词的同位语,即:

 a.删除whowhich ;

 b.之后的be动词变成现在分词being ;

 c.再将being省略,形成同位语。

I met John, who is a good friend of mine.

I met John,beinga good friend of mine.

(我遇到约翰他是我的好朋友。)a good friend of mine为同位语

主语同位语可置于主语前后位置

John, a good friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.

A good friend of mine, John came to see me yesterday.

(我的好友约翰昨天来看我。)

John为主语,A good friend of mine为主语同位语

thatwhich的区别

1.什么时候用which,不用that

非限定性定语从句中,即逗号之后;

egSmoking is harmful to our health, which we know.

介词后面不能用that,只能用which

egGreat changes have taken place in the city in which they live.

We depend on the land, from which we can get our food.

      in that:因为;

先行词本身为that(指代)时,which

eg: The predicate is that which gives more information about the subject.谓语是说明主语情况的。

关系词后面有插入语时,which

eg: Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.

2.什么时候用that,不用which

    前面的先行词是不定代词,包括allmuchfewlittleanything everythingnothingsomethingthe one等,或先行词被allfewlittleanyeverynosomeeach等词修饰时;

   egHave you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said?

       There’s no difficult that we can’t overcome.

如果先行词中出现了the onlythe verythe samethe last等;

   egThis is the only way that we can think out.

       He is the very man that I met yesterday.

=He is just the man that I met yesterday.(他正是我昨天遇见的人。)

“the very+名词中的very为形容词,是一种强调用法,之前一定置定冠词 the 。翻译时very一词不必译出。

  如果先行词中出现了序数词或形容词最高级;

   eg He was the first man who came up with such an idea.(劣)

He was the first man that came up with such an idea.(佳)

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

如果先行词(名词)中即有人,又有物(两个名词性质不一);

egThey are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.

句中若有两个相同关系代词引导的定语从句出现时,为避免重复,第二个关系代词通常改用that取代;

egHe works hard, which is a fact which is known to us.(劣)

He works hard, which is a fact that is known to us.(佳)

关系代词若在be动词后作表语,表示某人的身份时要使用that,不可使用whowhich

egHe is not the man that he once was

(他已非昔日的吴下阿蒙。他已不是当年的他了。)

疑问词是whowhich,宜用that取代,以避免重复:

eg: Who that lies can win our trust ?

(说谎的人有谁会赢得我们的信任呢?)

Who为问句中的主语;而that lies则为定语从句,修饰who

What is it that you want ?

(你要的是什么?)

      注意含插入语的定语从句

插入语的形成方式:主语+表认知的动词

I +believe/think/feel/know/consider/find

He is a man who I think never breaks his word . (他是个我认为从不食言的人。)

I think为插人语,分析句子结构时先去掉;who never breaks his word为限制性定语从句,who作定语从句中的主语,并未因添加插人语I think而变成 whom

He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.

thinkbelievefeelconsiderfind等动词可作完全及物动词或不完全及物动词。thinkfindbelieve 为完全及物动词时,分别译成认为 发现 相信

thinkfindbelieve 为不完全及物动词时,分别译成认为 发现 相信 ,后接宾语和宾语补足语。

I think/ find/ believe him to be nice.  

him为宾语,to be nice为宾语补语

因此,此类动词在“ who + be+表语的定语从句中亦有两种句型变化。

1)作完全及物动词时:此类动词属于插入语。

He is a man who I think/find/believe is nice.(他是个我认为/发现/相信很善良的人。)

2)作不完全及物动词时:此类动词不再是插入语。

He is a man whom I think/find/believe to be nice.(他是个我认为/发现/相信很善良的人。)whom为宾语,to be nice为宾语补语

以后见到这样的结构,表认知的动词之后有isarewaswerebe动时,要用关系代词的主格who;表认知的动词之后有to be时,则用关系代词的宾格whom

                    三. 名词性从句

名词性从句一共有四种:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

定义:从句在句子中起名词的作用,在句子中担任主语、宾语(介词宾语)、表语、同位语等成分

I have a question.

Are you a student?

I have a question whether you are a student.(同位语从句)

名词性从句的引导词

1)连接词:(在从句中不充当成分,只起连接作用)

that / whether/ if

 2)连接代词:(在从句中充当主//表)

what/ which/ who/whom/whose+ever   whoever疑问词+ever

3)连接副词:(在从句中充当状语)

  where/when/why/how/as thoughwhereverwhenever,,,

选择引导词的步骤:

1.划出从句(从引导词划起,划到第二个谓语动词之前,没有第二个动词就划到句尾)

The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.

2.分析从句的结构成分

缺主//连接代词,物:whatwhich;人:who

不缺主//连接词(句意完整用that,一般疑问句语气用whether或者if)或连接副词(特殊疑问句的疑问语气)

2.what无范围,which有范围(提供几个选择)。

Do you know what these words mean?what前面没有名词)

As there are five courses, you are free to choose which you would like to attend.  

2. whether不可被if取代的情况:从句作主语、介词的宾语或be动词后的表语时用whether;引导词后面直接跟or not时用whether

I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.

同位语从句

从句接在名词的后面,并且对前面的名词进行进一步的解释;  

  形式:名词+从句;

引导词不再和前面的名词有关系,而是取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;

如果是陈述句:直接加that引导;

一般疑问句:如果是一般疑问句变成的陈述句语序,在前面加上whether或者if

特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序。

英语中的简单句:

He is a student.    陈述句

Are you a student? 一般疑问句(要用yesno来回答)

Who is a student?  特殊疑问句(结构:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句)

  I know the fact.

  He is a student.

  I know the fact that he is a student.

I have a question.

  Are you a student?

  I have a question whether you are a student.

I have a question.

Who is a student?

I have a question who is a student.

   区分同位语从句跟定语从句:

同位语从句的形式和定语从句的形式很像,两者的区别:同位语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的解释,定语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的修饰和限定;

 如果关系词为weather ,how ,what 一定是同位语从句;

 如果名词前的关系词为where, when, why,若where前面的名词是地点,when前面的名词是时间,why 前面的名词是原因,那么是定语从句;若where, when, why前面不是地点、时间、原因,那么是同位语从句;

   which不能引导同位语从句

   如果关系词为that,则需要对句子进行成分分析来判定;如果that在句子中充当成分,则是定语从句,否则为同位语从句;

  The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.(同位从)   

The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.(定从)

宾语从句

宾语从句放于谓语之后,或放于介词之后,是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句

(从句引导词的选择可以看从句是陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句)

I want to know whether he will come.

  I hope that he will come.

We must find out who did all these.  find out为动词短语)     

如果宾语从句的谓语动词是doubt,后面的句子通常用whetherif引导;如果前面的谓语动词是don't doubt,则后面从句的连接词一定是that

I doubt whether he is telling the truth.

    I don't doubt that he is telling the truth.

如果宾语从句的谓语动词是wonder,句型为I wonder if,后面的连接词不能用weather

thinkbelievefeelconsiderfind等动词可作完全及物动词,之后可接that引导的名词性从句作其宾语。

thinkbelievefeelconsiderfinddislikehearmake 等动词后面有宾语补足语时,可用it作形式宾语,后面跟that从句。

Didn’t I make it clear to you that I was not coming

takehidesee toinsist ondepend on等动词以及某些表示爱好与否的动词如enjoylikelovedon’t mindhateresent等之后,形式宾语it可直接跟宾语从句

I don’t like it when you look at me like that

that从句作及物动词的宾语时,名词性从句的连接词that通常可以省略;

(宾语从句作及物动词的宾语时,连接词that通常可以省略)

that作介词宾语或that在句首时等情况,that不可以省略。

I believethatit is worthwhile to study hard.

宾语从句的时态:如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式,宾语从句的时态一般要变成过去时态;如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理,不管宾语从句前的动词是什么时态,宾语从句都用一般现在时;

    He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.

  The teacher told us that the earth is round.

从句的否定转移:

   think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后的宾语从句中有否定词,那么从句的否定词要转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式(翻译时把否定词放回从句);

      I don't think I know you. 

      I don't believe he will come.

  seem, appear 后面的表语从句的否定要转移到前面

   It doesn't seem that they know where to go.

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.

表语从句

放在系动词(am/is/are/look/sound/taste等)之后,在复合句中作主句的表语

 His order is that all the soldiersshouldgo to bed before ten o’clock.

  引导词:

    若从句为陈述句,直接加that

若从句为一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上weather(引导表语从句时不能用if);

    若从句为特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;

    as ifas though只出现在表语从句

At that time, it seemed as if I couldn’t think of the right word anyhow.

seem, appear通常为系动词)

because可以引导表语从句,但主语是reason时,表语从句的引导词常用that,不用because

That is because he has mastered more than 5000 words.

The reason for his lying in bed is that he fell off his bike on his way to school.

China is no longer what she used to be. no longer副词,used to情态动词)       

What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum.

  The thingwhich bothers me is that I have no time.  

  名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法:

在表示“建议、命令、要求、提议”等意义的词语之后的相关从句里,从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。常见的词语有advicesuggest/suggestionorderrequestrequirement

His order is that all the soldiersshouldgo to bed before ten o’clock.(表语从句)

My suggestion is that weshouldcarry out the plan as soon as possible.(表语从句)

My boss ordered that the legal documentsshouldbe sent to him before lunch.(宾语从句)

This is our only request that this should be settled as soon as possible. (同位语从句)
 He made the suggestion that we
shouldgo by train.(同位语从句)

主语从句:主语为一个句子

引导词:

    若从句为陈述句,直接加that 

若从句为一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上whether或者if 

    若从句为特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;     

   位置:可直接置于句首;

          That the college will take in more students is true.

          Whether he will come or not hasn't been decided.

          Why he isn't here is not clear to everyone.

it 做形式主语的情况:

1It is+名词+主语从句;

     It is a pity that you should have to leave.

2It is+形容词+主语从句;

     It is clear that the whole project is doomed tofailure.

 如果是It is necessary/important/strange/natural/advisable/urgent +that引导的主语从句,从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形(should可以省略);

     It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating computer.

3It is+过去分词+主语从句;(It is said/planted/expected…

     It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week.

4It +特殊动词+主语从句;( It+ seem/ appear/happen/occur…)
     It seemed that no one knew what had happened.
     It happened that I went out last night.    

从句的判别:

     Whether he will come or not is unknown.(主语从句)

     It is unknown whether he will come or not.(主语从句)

     I don't know whether he will come or not. (宾语从句)

     The question is whether he will come or not.(表语从句)

     The question whether he will come or not is not settled.(同位语从句)

2020/3/13初稿(此文档由李宏武老师整理)

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