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需要了解仪器的基础构架，有哪些地方是消耗品，有想哪些需要维修保养，这样可以帮助我们根据预算成本，包括日后的维护成本，选择合适的仪器。1、光源紫外-可见分光光度计中常用的光源有热辐射光源和气体放电光源两类，热辐射光源用于可见光区如钨灯，气体放电光源用于紫外光区如氢灯或氘灯。目前最常用到的是钨灯和氘灯，其中：钨灯发射波长为325~2500nm，适宜使用波长为320~1000nm氘灯发射波长为190~400nm，适宜使用波长为190~360nm对应到光谱区：紫外光区200-400nm，使用的是氘灯可见光区400-1000nm，使用的是钨灯如果同时使用了这两种灯，可以扫描的光谱区域可以达到200-1000nm另外，值得注意的是，在灯工作时需要提供稳压电源。因为电源电压微小的波动，都会引起灯光强度很大的变化，会对结果有影响。2、单色器单色器是将连续光谱分解成单色光，并能够准确发射目标所需要的单一波长的光，是整个仪器最关键的部件。国产和国外品牌的区别，技术、做工和价格差别也会在这里体现。单色器的构造，主要由狭缝、色散元件、透镜系统组成。狭缝调节入射单色光的纯度和强度，对单色器的分辨率有极其重要的作用。主要看出射狭缝的宽度，指的是光谱频带宽度，即由此狭缝射出的光谱带宽。通常我们所理解的单色光，只是存在于理想状态下，实际上得到的“单色光”，是带有一定宽度的，是具有一定波长范围的谱带。狭缝越窄，得到的“单色光”波长范围越小，单色光的纯度越高。但是光的强度会随着狭缝越窄，光强降低，因此狭缝不能无限制地小。狭缝的最小宽度取决于检测器能准确地进行测量的最小光能量，对灵敏度有影响。目前达到的最小宽度为0.1nm。色散元件主要由棱镜和反射光栅或两者的组合，现在以两者组合的使用频率最高。色散元件的作用是连续把光谱色散成单色光，是单色器中最关键的部件。单色器也可以分为棱镜单色器或光栅单色器2种，其质量会对单色性、色散程度、杂散光造成影响。棱镜单色器：棱镜单色器是利用不同波长的光在棱镜内折射率不同，将复合光色散为单色光。棱镜的制作材料和几何形状会影响棱镜色散作用的大小。棱镜通常有玻璃、石英两种材料。但是由于玻璃材质会吸收紫外线，所以目前市面上的紫外可见分光光度计都采用石英棱镜。光栅单色器：光栅是一系列等宽、等距离的平行狭缝，以光的衍射现象和干涉现象为基础。光栅的基本的类型有平面反射光栅和凹面反射光栅。利用不同类型的光栅组合成不同的结构，衍生出五种光栅单色器。单色器类型结构光栅类型特点C-T型光栅单色器入射狭缝、准直镜、色散元件（光栅）、物镜、出射狭缝平面光栅消项差，成像质量高S-N型光栅单色器入射狭缝、色散元件（光栅）、出射狭缝凹面光栅聚光，光的能量高；出故障概率低E型光栅单色器入射狭缝、色散元件（光栅）、凹面球面镜、出射狭缝平面光栅结构简单，成本较低L型光栅单色器入射狭缝、色散元件（光栅）、物镜、出射狭缝平面光栅由于入射狭缝和出射狭缝很靠近，所以其杂散光比较大。主要用于低端仪器M-G型光栅单色器入射狭缝、色散元件（光栅）、凸透镜、出射狭缝平面光栅-这五种单色器，分别在成像质量、聚光效果、故障率、光杂散度、价格上有所出入。光栅单色器与棱镜单色器相比，分辨率比较高，且可用的波长范围更宽。但是，这两种单色器都会出现“杂散光”，影响吸光度的准确性。这是由于仪器内部存在的尘埃发生散射、以及内壁的反射等造成的误差。3、吸收池吸收池也就是我们所谓的比色皿，用于盛装待测液并决定待测溶液透光液层厚度的器皿。常见的比色皿材质有塑料、玻璃和石英。4、检测器检测器的作用是将光信号转变为电信号装置称为检测器。常用的检测器有光电池、光电管、光电倍增管及光电二极管阵列检测器等。高档一点的分光光度计中，一般采用光电倍增管作为检测器，而光电二极管阵列检测器是近年来紫外可见分光光度计检查的一个重要进展。对于检测器主要的要求是：在测定的光谱范围内具有高的灵敏度；对辐射能量的响应时间短，线性关系好；对不同波长的辐射响应均相同且可靠；噪音低，稳定性好等。5、信号显示系统在紫外可见分光光度计的通道中，光源首先从相应的灯里发出，通过狭缝、色散元件和透镜系统选择到目标波长的光束，照射在装在吸收池中的待测物上，检测器把溶液的光强度（吸光度）转换成电流，发大电信号，显示出来。6、工作站LIMS数据输出系统，选择带有软件和工作站的数据分析系统，便于实验分析。分类1、单光束紫外可见分光光度计只有一束单色光、一只比色皿、一只光电转换器。从光源发出的光，经过单色器等一系列光学元件，通过吸收池，最后照在检测器上时，始终为一束光。光束只能交替通过参比溶液和样品溶液，一只比色皿，一只光电转换器。这种类型的分光光度计结构简单，操作方便，维修容易，适用于常规分析。单光束的缺点：不能抵消因杂散光、光源波动、电子学的噪声等对测试结果的影响，但随着国内技术的发展，先进的元器件在分光光度计领域的应用和光路设计、电路设计的合理化已经大大的降低了杂散光、光源波动、电子学的噪声等，所以国内部分高档单光束分光光度计已经可以部分忽略以上的因素影响。2、准双光束紫外可见分光光度计有两束光，一束光通过比色皿，一束光不通过比色皿，有两只光电转换器。一般适用于待测溶液随时间的变化没有明显的变化，因为对参比液调零以后再放入待测溶液有个时间段，若参比液随时间的变化有变化，则刚调过的零值或 100%就不准确了，不能作参比的标准了。若参比液随时间的变化没有变化，用准双光束分光光度计测量待测液的准确度要看仪器的各项指标的精度。准双光束的优缺点：有两束光，一束光通过比色皿，一束光直接进入光电转换器，能抵消因光源波动、电子学的噪声等对测试结果的影响，提高仪器的稳定性。但因为一束光被分为两束光，从光的能量上来说一分为二，降低了能量，带来了很多不确定因素，例如信噪比就没有单光束好。3、双光束紫外可见分光光度计可分为两种，一种是：两束单色光，两只比色皿，一只光电转换器一般适用于参比液随时间的变化有明显的变化，适用于高精度的溶液测量，能对光源波动、杂散光、电子学噪声等的影响有部分抵消，但因为一束光被分为两束光，从光的能量上来说一分为二，降低了能量，带来了很多不确定因素。一种是：两束单色光，两只比色皿，两只光电转换器一般适用于参比液随时间的变化有明显的变化，适用于高精度的溶液测量，能对光源波动、杂散光、电子学噪声等的影响度有部分抵消，但因为一束光被分为两束光，从光的能量上来说一分为二，降低了能量，带来了很多不确定因素，还有就是有两个光电转换器，因为两个光电转换器不可能完全一致，这样也会导致测量误差。4、双波长紫外可见分光光度计采用两个单色器、一只比色皿、一只光电转换器双波长紫外可见分光光度计主要适用于试样的多组分测量。如果试样的吸收光谱上，有两个或两个以上组分的吸收峰互相重叠或非常接近，或者有很大的混浊背景吸收干扰，则可利用导数光谱来分析，可以不经过复杂的分离就可以把它们分离开，这就是导数光谱的最大优点。如何选型1、波长范围根据检测项目的测量值范围，根据实验对象的特定波长，选择合适的波长范围的紫外分光光度计。但现在市面上一般的紫外分光光度计都可以满足测量波长在200-1000nm。2、灵敏度紫外可见光分光光度计的灵敏度主要受光强的稳定性、单色器、检测器所决定的。双光束UV的光强、波长的稳定性比单光束UV的测量更准确，并且可以扣除基体误差、比色皿误差。选择双光束UV的波长准确度和光强的测量精度最佳。3、波长扫描功能根据光栅与检测器的性能，紫外可见分光光度计有其他的附加功能。全波长扫描功能：可以从波长最低点到最高点或者设定的波长范围，测量出每个波长点上的吸光度或透过率，得出样品在不同波长点的吸收特性。动力学扫描：主要应用于随时间变化样品的性质也发生变化的实验，可以清晰看到样品时间变化而变化的特性。4、自动进样扩展装置如果条件允许，可以增加专门的紫外可见光分光光度计自动进样装置，做实验时只需将仪器的进样管插入盛有试样的容器，点击鼠标，仪器就能自动完成比色皿清空、加样等机械繁琐的动作，提高工作效率。5、使用成本灯的质量和价格光强作为影响准确度的因素，除了仪器结构不同，还有光源的质量也会影响光强。其实国产仪器的紫外可见分光光度计技术和国外相比，都很成熟，甚至在国内的一些牌子里，紫外可见分光光度计仪器本身做的和国外的不分上下。灯是属于这台仪器主要的消耗品，钨灯的使用寿命，时间为一般是500-800小时，氘灯的使用寿命，一般是2000小时。一般2-3年就要更换一次。灯的价格方面，普通的灯500-1000就能搞定，一些最贵的进口灯价格会到1万元左右。国产的光源卤素灯通常可以在市场上购买卤素灯替代，个别进口厂商的卤素灯会增加其它结构，迫使用户购买其生产的卤素灯，而这种单一货源的光源往往比普通光源价格相差巨大。氘灯方面国产的大部分厂家都是通用的，所以性价比方面更合适，但是现在越来越多进口的厂商会在氘灯上增加识别芯片或采用不同的电源接口，导致无法替代，使用成本会高很多，购买时需要特别注意。比色皿常用材质有塑料、玻璃和石英。石英材质的比色皿效果优于玻璃材质，因为待测溶液一般会有颜色，或者会在待测溶液里人为添加着色剂，当待测溶液中有附着性很强的物质时，玻璃材质的比色皿容易被染色。石英材料与玻璃材料相比容易清洗，必要时可以短暂泡酸，将附着在表面的物质浸泡出来。但是，石英比色皿不能经常泡酸清洗，否则容易裂开。至于规格，吸收池规格包括：0.5cm、1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm、5.0cm，一般实验室里会用2.0cm的比较多。一般样品池配备的比色皿架数量，在2-5个不等，比色皿架多一点，可以一次性测定多一些样品，减少误差。看其他配置如果测液体样品，一般的紫外分光光度计都能满足。如果测固体样品表面的反射率，需要多加一个光学反射样品架（室），测固体表面的漫反射率，需要用到积分球附件。"}