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英语单词直接拼读法

英语单词直接拼读法

一、辅音字母的读音规则

1.   c 在字母eiy前读/s/,如cellcit'ycyst

            其余情况下读/K/,如catclubcode.

2.   g 在字母eiy前读/?/,如genegingym

            其余情况下读/g/,如beg, golf,game.

3.  s 多数情况下读/s/,如sixdeskyes

            有时读/z/,如ishisvis'it(/z/时可下画一条横线)

4.  x 处于两元音字母之间,且其后元音重读时,读/gz/,如exist'

            其余情况下读/ks/,如six, next, excuse'.

5.      q /k/,Ir?q', NASDAQ (股票名);

常与字母u用在一起, qu /kw/, quick, ques'tion.

附:英语音标

                            元音

  单元音 i:     i     e                    u          ɑ:    :   u:    :  

双元音 ei    ai    i   u    au     i?   e?     u?   

辅音

   浊辅音:b   d  g        v    e    z        dz        m   n     

 l   r    j    w  

   请辅音:p   t    k        f    θ     s         ts        h

二、  辅音字母组合的读音规则

1.  ch, tch /?/,如Chi'na, muchcatch, match

2.  ph, gh /f/,如pho'to, phone

3.  sh     /?/,如shape, she, short, fish

4.  th  多数情况下读/θ/,如 three, third

            但有时读/e/ , that, than, with.(/e/时可下画一线).

5.  wh  在字母o前读/h/, who, whom, whose(其中的字母o/u:/)

            其余情况下读/w/,如whichwhenwhy.

6.  dg, dj /?/,如judgelodg'ingadjust',ad'jective.

7.  n  在和字母g构成字母组合时,以及处于读/g//k/的字母前(如c, g, k等)读/?/。如

       long,thing,lengthun'cle,zincan'gry,fin'gerdrink,think,thank.

8. gu   在元音前读/g/,如guess,guide,guest;在字母n后读/gw/,如lan'guage

             distin'guishlin'guist. 字母n因为处于/g/音前而读/?/.

9.  两个读同一个音的字母并列时,只读一个,lit'tle,miss,hill,hob'byclock,neck,black

             scene,sci'ence,scythe,excite',except'accord'ing,accuse',occur'.

                                                                                                    三、 元音字母在重读音节中的读音规则    

      英语中有四类重读音节:闭音节,开音节,r音节,re音节。

1. 闭音节  指以辅音字母结尾的音节。

      元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读闭音节中分别读 /?//e//i//?//?/ ,

                hand, help,lip,gym,hot,club.

2.  开音节  指以元音字母、‘元音字母+e’或‘一个辅音字母+e’结尾的音节。

                后者也叫约定开音节.

      元音字母  a,e,i(y),o,u在重读开音节中分别读/ei//i://ai//?u//ju:/

     (即读字母名称,但y/ai/)。如:

      a,face,make,age;  he,mete, see,eve;  I,hi,by,bye,time,type;

      go,home,stone,toe; cube,tube,use.

      但字母u 在字母 jlr 后,读/u:/,不读/ju:/,如 June,blue,rule.

3. r音节  指以字母r或‘r +辅音字母’结尾的音节。

       r音节中:ar /ɑ:/, or /?:/,er, ir, yr,ur 都读/?:/

      如:arm,far,start,large,Marxor,for,cord,or'der

          verb,her,servesir,first,dirt'y,cir'cle,myr'tle

          hurt,nurse,return',mur'mur.

1  r前的音节,是闭音节,不是r音节。如:car'ry,mar'ry,ber'ry,mir'ror,sor'ry,hur'ry.

2  /w/音后,ar/?:/, war,warm,warnor/?:/, word,work,world,worse.

4.  re音节  指元音字母与 re 结合而成的音节。

       re音节中:are/e?/ere/i?/ire,yre/ai?/ore/ ?:/, ure/ ju?/。如:

       care,dare,rare,hare,prepare'here,mere,severe'fire,wire,tire,entire',tyre

       more,fore,core,before'  cure,pure,endure'

四、  元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规则

1.  a, o, u  /?/,如 Chi'na, sec'ond, dif'ficult.

2.  e, i, y /i/, result',vic'tim,hap'py.

3.  ar, er, ir, or, ur, yr  /?/, gram'mar,let'ter,circum'ference,doc'tor,

                                  mur'mur,mar'tyr,persist',west'ern,east'ern.

4.  o, u 处于词末时分别读/?u/,/ju:/(即不弱化,按重读音节规则读)

            car'go,  Ne'gromen'u.

5.  u  在多音节词中,紧邻重读音节时,读/ju/(即轻度弱化)。如reg'ular,pop'ular,mon'ument.

6.  a,i,y,u  在多音节动词中,处于约定开音节结尾中,按重读音节读。如

          i'solate,ad'vertise,an'alyse,sub'stitute.

7.  y 在多音节动词词末不弱化,读/ai/。如:sat'isfy,mal'tiply,oc'cupy

五、    元音字母组合的读音规则

1.  au,aw     /?:/, cause, au'ral, launch, sauce, law, dawn.

2.   eu,ew(iew)/ju:/, neu'tral, deucenew, view, review'.

3.   ou,ow    /au/, house, loudhow,now, down.

4.   ai,ay      /ei/, wait, aidday, may.

5.   ei,ey      /ei/, veil, weig??tgrey, they, convey'

6.   oi,oy      /?i/, choice, oilboy, toy.

7.   ea,ee      / i:/, eat, cheapdeep, need.

8.   ie,(c)ei    /i:/, field, believe'receive', ceil'ing.

9.   oa        /?u/, road, soap, boat.

10.  ue        /ju:/, Tues’day, val'ue, pursue'.

11.  air,aer    /e?/, air,fair; aer'ial, aer'oplane?.

12.  ear,eer   /i?/ ear, clearbeer, deer.

13.  our       /au?/ our, sour, ?our.

14.  oo   1./u/:  在字母k前(book,look,took)和在good,foot,stood,wood,wool

                               及其派生词(good'ness,foot'ball,wool'en)中读/u/           

            2./u:/: 其余情况下读/u:/,: cool,food,loose,room,zoo.

            3./? /:  floodblood及其派生词(flood'ing,blood'less等)中读/? /.

15.  igh       /ai/, high, light, might, night.

16.  augh,ough /?:/, daugh'ter, caught, taughtought,fought, thought

17.  oul         could,should,would 中读/u/

六、 几个非重读后缀或字母组合的读音规则

1.  a 在后缀-ace-ade-age-ate中读/i/,如 pal'ace,com'rade,vil'lage,ac'curate.

2.  e 在后缀-el,-en,-ent,-ence,-ency中读/?/,cru'el,o’pen,stu'dent,si'lence,flu'ency.

3.  i  在后缀-ible中读/?/, pos'sible.

4.  ai,ay,ei,ey  在非重读音节中一般弱读为/i/,moun'tain,Fri'day,for'feit,val'ley.

5.  -ful   /ful/, help'ful, harm'ful, use'ful.

6.  -gue   /g/, di'alogue, cat'alogue.

7.  -que   /k/, cheque, pic'turesque'.

8. -ous   /?s/, fa'mous, gen'erous, nerv'ous.

9.  -our  /?/, fa'vour, h?on'our, la'bour.

10. -ure   /?/, fig'ure, in'jure. 但在fail'ure中读/j?/.

11. -ow   /?u/, win'dow, yel'low, pil'low.

12. -ture   /??/, pic'ture, cul'ture, fur'niture.

13. -sure   在元音字母后读/??/, clo'sure, expo'sure.

                 在辅音字母后读/??/,如 pres'sure,flex'ure(x=ks).

14. -ion    /?n/, fash'ion, cu?sh'ion.

15. -tion   /??n/ na'tion, produc'tion, solu'tion.

16. -stion  /s??n/ , ques'tion, suges'tion, diges'tion.

17. -sion   在元音字母后读/??n/,如 v?'sion, occa'sion, div?'sion

                在辅音字母后读/??n/,如 discus'sion,impres'sion,expan'sion.

18.-ce,-ci,-si,-ti,-xi 在字母 a,e,o 前读/?/,如: o'cean so'cialA'siapar'tial

                   Egyp'tiansuff?'cientpa'tientpr?'ciousRus'sianan'xious.

19. -i 在字母 d,t,n,l 后,且在元音字母前,读/j/。如 au'dience,fron'tier,opin'ion,famil'ar.

20.   -ed(过去式后缀) 

              在清辅音后读       /t/,如:worked, jumped, missed.

              在浊辅音和元音后读 /d/,如:robbed, beggedplayed,stud'ied.

              在字母dt 后读    /id/,如:need'ed,pl?nt'ed.

21.   -(e)s(名词或动词词尾)

              在清辅音后读       /s/,如:desks, lamps, looks.        

              在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:pigs, pens, plays, goes.

              /?,?,?,z,s/等音后读/iz/,如:urg'es, watch'es, wish'es, rīs'es, fac'es.

2.1 重读符号 

1.  单音节词单读时都重读,不需要用重读符号标注。双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节是重读音节,

有的则是非重读音节,重读音节就要用重读符号标注。有些单词中,除重读音节和非重读音节外,还有

次重读音节,也需要用重读符号标注。

2. 在单词上直接标音时,重读符号(')标在重读音节的后上方(如 read'ing);次重音符号(

标在次重读音节的后下方(如 en?gineer')。请注意:直接标音法的重读符号,还具有分音节的作用,

stu'dent stud'y stu' 是开音节,而stud'是闭音节,故字母u的读法不同(见1.3.11.3.2)。

2. 哑音符号( . )  可用来指出不读音的字母。标注了这个符号的字母,读音时可视若其无,其余的字母

                  仍按前述读音规则读音。详见2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3,2.2.4.

(1)  不读音的辅音字母。例如:

   knife,lamb, au'tum?n, write,? ps?chol'ogy, pneumo'nia,

   exhib'it, r?hyme, whis'tle, lis'?t?n,? hour.

(2)  不读音的元音字母。例如:

       h?eart,e?arn, le?arn, e?ar'ly, ye?ar, door, floor, roar, board, co?arse, ho?arse, fo?ur,

       po?ur,co?urse, t?ouch, c?oun'try, friend, b?uild, y?oung, peo'ple, th??u?g?h, o, eye.

(3)  因强度弱化而不读音的元音字母。例如:

       vi't?al, fi'n?al, short'en, les's?en, lev'?el, chan'n?el, dev'il, civ'il, es's?on, cot'ton,

       cer'ta?in, cur't?a?in, poi'sonous, dif'f?erent, in'teresting.

(4) ‘哑e’一般可以不用哑音符号,但容易引起混淆时仍需使用。例如:

      amuse'à amus?e'ment       shameà sham?ed         becide'à becid?es

3.  提醒符号( 用于:1.提醒发浊音,见2.3.1

                        2.提醒发音不符合前述读音规则,见2.3.2, 2.2.32.2.4

                        3.提醒其读音标在单词后面,2.3.5.

(1)  提醒 s,th,x,f 发浊音/z/,/ e/,/gz/,/v/。例如:

            vis'it,  his,  isthat, with, fur'ther, gath'erexist', exam' ;of.

(2)  提醒在非重读音节中 aou不读/?/,而读/i/。例如:

            char'acter, lit'erature,tem'perature hy'drogen min'ute.

(3)  提醒 eiy不读/i/,而读/?/。例如:

            can'celA'pril,hol'idayanal'ysis

(4) 提醒在eiy g不读/?/,而读/ɡ/。例如:

        get,gift,give,girl,begin',forget',tar'get.

(5)  提醒该字母(组合)的读音用国际音标标注在单词后边。例如:

           machne'  /?/,  chef/?/, g?r'age /?/,regme' /?/, fortune /?/, u'sual /?/,

           proce'dure /?/,sol'dier/ ?/,  suite /w/,  persuade'/w/, dissuade' /w/, 

           clerk /ɑ:/,  sew /?u/,  sew'ing /?u/, su?g'er /?/,  su?re/?/,  bus'y /i/,  bus'ily /i/,

           bur'y /e/,  bur'ial /e/,  one /w?n/.

2.4  四类重读音节符号

2.4.1  闭音节符号( ? )  ,?,?(?),?,? 分别读 /?//e//i//?//?/

2.4.2  开音节符号( ) a?,  e?, i?(y?)o?u? 分别读/ei//i://ai//?u//ju:/

2.4.3  r音节符号(  ): ar? /ɑ:/, or?/?:/ , er??, ir?(yr?),ur?/?:/

2.4.4  re音节符号( ):ar?e? /e?/,  er?e? /i?/,  ir?e? (yr?e?)/ai?/,  or?e? /?:/ ur?e?//ju?/.

 这些符号 主要用于标注读音规则的例外和区分容易混淆的音节,详见2.2.5,2.2.6,2.2.7,2.2.8

2.4.5 有时在非重读音节中元音不弱化,而按重读音节读, 这时就要用到这些符号。例如:

       con'cpt, cto'ber, dult'

       hotel',fe'male, biol'ogy

       ex'per?t, cor'ridor?, sub'urb 

       em'pir?e?, at'mospher?e?, soft'war?e?

       dur?a'tion, envir????onmen'al,per?iod'ic

2.4.6 r音节和re音节容易混淆,有时要用r音节符号和re音节符号来区分。例如:

       věr'y, Aměr'ica, měr'it, f?r'est, sp?r'it;

       var?'y, her?'o, vir?'us, or?'al,dur?'ing

       scar?ce, scar?ce'ly, scar?'city

2.4.7 有时开音节和闭音节需要用相应符号来区分。例如:

       g?v'e, l?v'e, hǎv'econdǐ'tion,vǐ'sion, sp?'cial, defǐ'cient

       t?p'ist, spā'cing, stōn'y, whōl'ly,strīk'ing, nīnth

       chānge, strānge, chāmbercōld,bōlt,rōll, grōss, mōst, bōth, ōn'ly, contrōl'

       fīnd, mīnd, chīld, mīld.

2.4.8 字母erearir前有时读/e/,这时也可用闭音节符号标注。例如:

       wh?re, th?re, w?ar, t?ar, th?ir

*2.5  几个直接标音符号   用来标注元音的特殊读音。详见2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.5.3,2.5.4.

2.5.1  =/ɑ:/sk, d?nce,?f'ter, b?th, c?? lm,c?? lf, gr?ss, ch?nce, dem?nd', enh?nce',

                    cr?ft, dr?ft, st?ff,f?'ther, l?st, p?th, r?th'er,p?? lm, h???? lf, exm'ple,

                    beh?? lf', ??unt, l??ugh, l??ugh'ter.

2.5.2   =/i:/l?'ter, k?l'o,ant?que', fat?gue', mar?ne', mosqu?'to, rout?ne', mǎgaz?ne', au'tomob?le.

2.5.3   ü=/u:/: flüid, rü'in, frü? it, frü? it'ful, jü? ice, crü? ise, süit,r?oütine',

                   gr?o?up, w?oünd, s?oüp, r?oüte, y?oüth, y?oüth'ful?

2.5.4   =/u:/:d?, un'd?', t?, tw?, wh?, wh?m, wh?se, m?ve, m?ve'ment, rem?ve',rem?v'al,

                    pr?ve, impr?ve,impr?ve'ment, appr?ve, appr?v'al, l?se, sh?e.

2.5.5   u?=/u/:  bu?sh,  bu?l'let, bu?l'letin, bu?tch'er, cru?'el,cru?'elty,  fu?ll, fu?ll'y,f u?l'fill,

                    pu?ll,pu?l'ley, pu?sh, pu?t.

2.5.6   o?=/u/   on'do?, in'to?, wo?'man, wo?lf, con'to?ur, po?or.

2.5.7   =/i/:  īd'a, īdal, rec'ip, th'orem,ng'lish,prt'ty, r'al, mūs'um, th'ory.

2.6    借用国际音标直接标音   为了便于记忆有时可把相应的国际音标标注在字母上面,详见

                                 2.6.1,2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.4, 2.6.5.

2.6.1   在个别情况下,字母a/e/。这时就可把国际音标/e/标在字母a上。例如:

        an'y,man'y,say?s,sai??d.

2.6.2  /w/音后,字母¨有时读//。这时就可把/?/标在a上。例如:

  want,wash, watch, watch, wan'der, wal'let, watt, kil'owatt, swal'low, what

  qual'ity,qual'itative, quan'tity, quan'titative,quar'rel, e'qual, equal'ity.

2.6.3  在字母ld前,字母a有时读/?:/. 这时可将:标在字母a上。例如:

  all,al'most, ball. call, fall, hall, tall, wall, stall, install', recall', small, halt,

  salt,al'so, al'ter, al'ways, alrea?d'y, altogeth'er, althou?g?h?',alter'nate, alter'native,

  wa'ter,false, chal?k, tal?k, wal?k, abro?ad, bro?ad, bro?ad'cast, br?oad'en.

2.6.4  字母o有时读//。这时也可将//标在其上。例如:

        c?me, bec?me, c?m'fort,c?m'f?mtable, c?m'pany, c?mpul'sary, disc?m'fort, fr?nt, confr?nt',

        h?n'ey, l?ve ,M?n'day, m?n'ey,m?n'key, m?nth, n?ne, s?me, t?ngue, br?th'er, ab?ve',

        n?th'ing, an?th'er, ?th'er,c?v'er, c?l'our, d?z'en, w?r'ry, ?n'ion, s?n, sp?nge, t?n.

 

 

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