提高学生阅读能力的方法

阅读的过程是对语言的认知过程，阅读有助于巩固和扩大词汇、丰富语言知识、提高运用语言的能力。阅读可以训练思维能力、理解能力、概括能力与判断能力。“侧重培养阅读能力”是教学大纲规定的高中英语教学目的之一，是培养学生理解和运用英语技能的一个基本方法，又是落实交际实践性的主要途径。英语阅读就是读者利用相关的英语知识和非英语知识去解读包含一定英语知识和非英语知识的阅读材料。英语知识是指读者英语语音、词汇、语法以及篇章知识的总和非英语知识是指读者英语知识以外的背景知识,即直接或间接获取的知识经验的总和。加强阅读训练可以为学生创造大量获取语言知识和大量运用语言的机会和条件。在课内外的阅读中既可培养学生对语篇进行分析、综合并从中获得信息的能力，也能培养学生的审美情趣，学会欣赏英语文学作品的美，通过自然渗透，陶冶学生良好的情操。

 近三年来，高考英语科对考生阅读能力的要求越来越高，主要体现在以下方面：阅读量加大、生词数增多、猜测词义分量加重、强化了语段、语篇分析。如何提高学生阅读理解水平及解题能力，以适应新的要求?笔者以为在教学过程中，教师根据高考阅读理解能力测试要求、试题特点，有意识地培养学生掌握阅读技巧是解决问题的关键。

 一、快速阅读训练

要达到《中学英语教学大纲》二级目标关于“读”的要求，教师应通过课文教学、补充阅读量，对学生进行快速阅读训练，使他们掌握阅读技巧，从而提高理解能力。以下是快速阅读的几种方法。

1．养成泛读的习惯

培养泛读习惯，要从课文教学抓起。每教一篇课文时，可以先让学生进行限时阅读，然后做阅读理解题。在整体吸收的基础上，要求学生对课文进行分段研读，在教师的指导下，掌握课文中的重点词 语、句型和惯用法。泛读与精读的紧密结合，旨在形成能力。帮助学生选好读物是培养泛读习惯的关键。教师可帮助学生确定阅读目标，制订出科学的适合不同学生特点的阅读计划，以此来规范学生的阅读行为。选择读物时，应体现内容的思想性、广泛性、新颖性、有趣性，体裁和题材的多样性，从而激发学生的兴趣，增强他们搞好阅读的信心，扩大词汇量，提高阅读水平。

2．养成“成组视读”习惯

为了加快阅读速度，学生要养成“成组视读’’的习惯，要训练“扫视”意群、短语、句子甚至段落的能力，逐步改变一眼只看一个单词的习惯。同时，要避免指读、顿读、出声读、回读等不良阅读习惯。

3．养成计时阅读习惯

每次进行5至10分钟，不宜太长。要从阅读心理和阅读能力等方面确定阅读时间。长期坚持，学生的阅读速度会大大加快。

二、提高解题技巧

1．词义猜测技巧

对于阅读理解中碰到的生词一般采用猜测的方法来解决(人名、地名、组织机构名除外)。词义猜测是提高阅读理解能力的一种最基本的方式，也是一种非常重要的方式方法。近年来，阅读理解题加大了分量，反映了高考加强对考生学习能力的考查。猜测词义的方法通常有两种，即根据上下文和构法知识。具体来说，有以下方法：

1．根据定义或解释说明猜测词义

A biography is the story of a person’s life written by some else.

根据定义可知， 是指由别人写的生平，叫做“传记”。

2．根据对比关系猜测词义

 在but，however，yet，otherwise或though这些表示意义转折的词出现的句中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜测词义，例如：

Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean，his neck still remains grubby．

3．通过因果关系猜测词义

当表示因果关系的信息词出现在有生词的句中，就能够通过因果关系，依据已知部分，猜测出生词的词义，例如：

The river is so，turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow．

4．根据语篇逻辑关系及常识猜测词义

运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验和常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，有时要理解整个语段或语篇的逻辑关系，正确猜出词义，例如：

There must be solne support facilities as well，including roads to get to the hotel，electricity，sewers(阴沟)to handle waste，and water．

5．根据同等关系猜测词义

At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy．

6．根据列举的事例猜测词义

You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English，Foreign Language Teaching in Schools，or English Learning．

7．根据构词法知识猜测词义

The American idea of the future is limited，however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of involving(牵连)many centuries．

3、准确找出语篇的主题句

段落的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往通过段落中的主题句来体现。因此，掌握这一规律，迅速找出主题句，从而抓住中心思想，达到感知整个语段的目的，对提高阅读理解能力大有益处。

1．段落首句为主题句

 As in China, the weather is different from area to area. In the north, the winters are long and hard, with snowfor six months of the year. The temperatures can fall to - 60cc, that is 60cC below frcczing. In the capital,Ottawa,the average of winter temperature is- 10cC, and in summer 21~C. The west coast of Canada is the wannest place in winter. The average January temperature is 3°C, and in July it is 18~C. Here it rains a lot every month of the

year. (lesson 26, SEFC Book 2A)

2．段落中间或尾句为主题句

"The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo! "Mrs Cousins was frightened. At that very moment the animal bent over the baby. Mrs Cousins held her breath, and her whole body went cold. The lion was smelling the face of thesleeping baby. Was it hungry7 What was it going to do？Thoughts rushed through her head. How could she  get the lion away from her baby? If she ran towards  it, it might attack her. Worse still, it could  even carry off the babyin its mouth. She looked around the kitchen for something to throw at the lion. Suddenly she had  an idea. In the fridge there was a large leg of pork which she was  planning to cook on Sunday. There was not a moment  to lose. She picked up the leg of pork, went to the back door and opened it. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion's attention."Here! Eat that! "she cried as she threw the leg  of pork as far as she could onto the grass away   from the table. The lion at once jumped off the table and ran to the meat. It picked it up in its mouth and carried it into the bush Mrs Cousins ran to the table, picked up her baby in her arms, ran inside and shut the door.( lesson 46, SEFC Book 2 A)

3．段落没有主题句

  没有主题句的段落并非没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由段落中的某句话表示的，需要学生自 己归纳总结。

 Ten minutes later the police arrived. The lion could still be seen in the bushes eating the

 meat,"Are you goingto catch it yourselves, asked Mrs Cousins. No, not us! said one. "I think we'll leave it to the  experts." Before long,  a truck stopped in front of her house. Two keepers  from the zoo came into the house and looked into  the garden. " She looks quiet enough, doesn't she?" said one of  them. "But I think we'll give her a shot, just to  be safe." He took  a long plastic pipe and fitted something into one end. Walking slowly across the grass he pointed the pipe at thelion and fired. The lion made a sudden angry noise andstruggled to its feet. After a moment, it fell over and lay still. "We've just sent her to sleep, "said the keeper. "It's easier to catch a sleeping lion than one that's awake. "They put the lion in a strong cage and carried it to  the truck. (Lesson 47 SEFC Book 2 A)

 本段的大意可概括为：

 The young lion was caught.

四、正确判断推理

 推断题是考查学生通过文章表面文字信息进行分析、生不仅要弄懂文章的字面意思，更重要的是要知道文章的潜在含图，作无根据的 猜测。

 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop-assistant, "I need two small gray mice  and about fivedozen roaches(蟑螂)and two spiders." "What do you need these things for?" the shop assistant was very surprised."Well," replied the man, "I'm moving out of my  apartment and the landlord insists that I should  leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it."

The passage suggests that when the man moved into the apamnent, it was ______.

 A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects

 分析：

 买主说他即将搬走，房主要他还房子的本来面目，所、蟑螂和蜘

 蛛。由此推知答案为D.

 House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a  house  in Chelsea, London had risen in price since 1955. Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955  ,Jane Gray sold it for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it

 for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill  and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later,  in 1972, the

house is valued at ￡30,000.

 ① When did Mrs Black buy the house?

 A. 1971 B. 1972 C. 1968 D. 1959

 (2) If Mrs Black had waited four years to sell the

 house, she would have earned as much as ______ .

 A.￡28,000 B. ￡18,000 C.￡30,000 D. ￡25,100

 分析：

 题①由“Mrs Bowena Black...and sold it nine years

 later...Now four years later，in 1972...”得知Mis

Black

是1959年买的房子。故答案选D.

题②根据“Mrs Bowena Black...￡4,900．”,“...the house is valued at ￡30,000”推知D为正确选项。

阅读理解是英语语言运用能力的一个重要方面。这是一种从理论到实践的检测。阅读要讲究方法，理解要讲究技巧。但所有的方法、技巧均是建立在语言基本功基础上的，不能唯技巧唯方法。只有辩证地运用方法、技巧，才能避免阅读教学中的种种极端，才能真正提高学生的阅读理解能力。