中国印章文化博大精深，源远流长，与书法、绘画、诗歌并称中国四大传统艺术而声名远播，是中华文化的特征标志与时代发展的见证。其中，玉印更是王权乃至王公贵族专有的高贵身份的象征。
Chinese seal culture is broad and profound, and has a long history. It is well-known as the four traditional Chinese arts together with calligraphy, painting and poetry. It is the characteristic sign of Chinese culture and the witness of the development of the times. Among them, jade seal is the symbol of royal power and even the exclusive noble status of the nobility.
自古以来，印章有两大类功能：一是象征功能，二是证明功能。
Since ancient times, seal has two functions: one is symbolic function, the other is proof function.
前者用于象征权力和等级，后者则用来证明身份和行为。随着时代的进步，印章的象征功能逐渐弱化，而印章的证明功能则成为主要功能。
The former is used to symbolize power and rank, while the latter is used to prove identity and behavior. With the progress of the times, the symbolic function of the seal is gradually weakened, and the proof function of the seal becomes the main function.
印章的发展Seal development
秦以前，无论官，私印都称“玺”，秦统一六国后，规定皇帝的印独称“玺”，臣民只称“印”。汉代也有诸侯王、王太后称为“玺”的。唐武则天时因觉得“玺”与“死”近音（也有说法是与“息”同音），遂改称为“宝”。唐至清沿旧制而“玺”“宝”并用。
Before Qin Dynasty, both official and private seals were called 'Xi'. After Qin unified the six kingdoms, it was stipulated that the emperor's seal was only called 'Xi' and the subjects only called 'seal'. In the Han Dynasty, there were also princes and empresses called 'Xi'. When Wu Zetian of Tang Dynasty thought that 'Xi' was close to 'death' (it was also said that it was the same as 'Xi'), she was renamed 'Bao'. From Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, 'Xi' and 'Bao' were used together.
汉代以后，印章发展很快，尤其是用玉制作的丝印数量开始增多，无论是材料还是工艺都达到了相当高的水平，钮作龟钮、覆斗钮。东晋玉印呈正方、长方形，钮有璃形、鬼形等，多似汉代玉印。
After the Han Dynasty, the development of seal was very fast, especially the number of silk screen made of jade began to increase. Both the material and technology reached a very high level. The button was used as turtle button and cover bucket button. The jade seal of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is square and rectangular, with glass shaped buttons and ghost shaped buttons, which are similar to those of the Han Dynasty.
元代玉印受到宋金时期铜官印的影响，玉印大多高钮薄身，与汉代全然不同。
The jade seal of the Yuan Dynasty was influenced by the bronze official seal of the song and Jin Dynasties. Most of the jade seals were different from those of the Han Dynasty.
至明清，由于印章使用更加普遍，同时当时文人追求绘画、书法、篆刻三种艺术融为一体的艺术风尚，从而使得诗词人印、文人直接参与治印的现象日益增多，并产生了很多流派，形成独特的篆刻艺术，成为文房用具中的重要门类。
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the use of seal became more common, and at the same time, the literati pursued the artistic fashion of painting, calligraphy and seal cutting, which made the phenomenon of poetry people seal and literati directly participating in seal management increasing, and many schools emerged, forming a unique seal cutting art, which became an important category of stationery.
印章的分类Classification of seals
印章是中国画里最有特色的一样东西，小小的印章，可以是画面的点睛之作，在黑白的世界里，有一点红色，很醒目。印章从雕刻的方法来分类可以分为：阴文、阳文、阴阳文三类。而根据内容来分类，印章大致分为以下几类：
Seal is the most distinctive thing in Chinese painting. A small seal can be the finishing touch of the picture. In the world of black and white, there is a little red, which is very striking. Seals can be divided into three categories according to carving methods: Yin, Yang and Yin. According to the content, seals can be roughly divided into the following categories:
名章：上面所刻的是作者的名和字。如：板桥、白石、板桥居士、大千居士、江东十翼范曾等。
1. Mingzhang: the name and characters of the author are engraved on it. Such as: Banqiao, Baishi, Banqiao Ju Shi, Daqian Ju Shi, Jiangdong Shiyi fan Zeng, etc.
2.闲章：是作者寄情的印章。如：翰墨香、真水无香、七品官耳、湖南长沙湘潭人也、江南布衣、七十翁等等。印章也反映了作者某时段的心境，或对赠送者的情谊。
2. Idle seal: it is the seal of the author's affection. Such as: calligraphy fragrance, real water without fragrance, seven grade official ear, Hunan Changsha Xiangtan people, Jiangnan cloth, seventy Weng and so on. The seal also reflects the author's mood in a certain period of time, or the friendship of the giver.
3..收藏章：是收藏者在别人的作品上盖上自己收藏章， 最著名的莫过于：乾隆御览之宝、宣统御览之宝、文渊阁宝、三希堂法帖、朵云藏画等皇家以及名店的收藏印章。
3. Collection seal: it is the collector's own collection seal on other people's works. The most famous one is the collection seal of royal and famous shops, such as Qianlong imperial treasure, Xuantong imperial treasure, wenyuange treasure, sanxitang calligraphy, Duoyun paintings.
4.肖形章：上面刻的一般是十二生肖等动物形的印章。多用于作品该年的属相。
4. Zodiac seal: it is usually carved with animal seals such as the zodiac. It is mainly used for the genitals of the year.
印纽的寓意The moral of Inuit
印钮的产生最初是便于使用，继而成为一种雕刻艺术和寓意象征。在秦汉以来的官印印制中，以不同的钮式来区分职位的高低尊卑。古来官印的钮式大多固定。私印的钮式则变化多样，尤其是元代至今，艺人巧思精作，呈现出百态千姿，争奇斗妍的局面，使印钮艺术成为工艺美术中的一朵奇葩。
At first, it was easy to use, and then it became a kind of carving art and moral symbol. In the printing of official seals since the Qin and Han Dynasties, different buttons were used to distinguish the high and low positions. In ancient times, the buttons of official seals were mostly fixed. Since the Yuan Dynasty, there have been various forms of buttons in private printing. Especially since the Yuan Dynasty, artists have been thinking about their works, presenting a situation of various forms and competing for beauty, making the button printing art a wonderful work of Arts and crafts.
篆原Seal script
结绳画卦后有书契，其文有龙书、穗书、云书、鸾书、蝌蚪、龟螺、韭叶等书，然事久湮没，皆绝无闻，存者惟史籀二篆而已，李斯复损益之以为玉筋，亦名小篆，古法稍易，程邈去繁就简作隶书，王次仲作八分书，蔡邕作汉隶书，复作草书、楷书，愈变愈失其原，六书之法，莫知所之然，遗者仅钟鼎玺印载文，今之龙穗云鸾诸篆皆后之循名而作，殆非正矣。
After drawing hexagrams with ropes, there are books and deeds. There are dragon books, Sui books, Yun books, Luan books, tadpole books, tortoise shells, leek leaves and other books. However, after a long time of oblivion, they are all unheard of. The only surviving ones are Shi Zhen's two seal characters. Li Si Fu thought that Yu Jin, also known as Xiao Zhuan, was a little easier in ancient times. Cheng Miao wrote simple official script after he went to the masses, Wang Zizhong wrote eight part script, Cai Yong wrote official script of Han Dynasty, and then he wrote cursive script and regular script. The more and more he became, the less and less original one The method of the six books can't be understood. It's only the seal of Zhongding which contains the text. Today's Dragon suiyunluan seal characters are all made according to their names. It's almost not true.
六书Six books
篆之文有六：摹写物之形曰象形，如日月是也；形不可象则指其事，上下是也；事不可该则会意，武信是也；意不可尽则谐诸声，江河是也；声不可穷则因其形体而转注为，考老是也；因音义而假借焉，令长是也。书之六义如此，天地万物无不备焉。
There are six characters in Zhuan: the shape of the copied object is pictograph, such as the sun and the moon; if the shape is not pictorial, it refers to the matter, up and down; if the matter is not pictorial, it refers to the understanding, and the martial letter is also; if the meaning is not enough, it harmonizes the sounds, and the rivers are also; if the sound is not poor, it will be annotated because of its shape, and it will always be tested; if the sound and meaning are borrowed, it will be long. The six meanings of the book are so that everything in the world is unprepared.
玺Imperial seal
玺即印也，上古诸侯大夫通称。秦始皇作传国玺，故天子称玺。汉晋而下自传国玺外各篆有玺，其文不一，制度各殊，一名曰宝。
The seal is also known as seal. The first emperor of Qin made the imperial seal, so the emperor called it. In the Han and Jin Dynasties, it is said that there are seals outside the national seal, with different texts and systems. One is called Bao.
印print
印，古人用以昭信。从爪，从日，用手持节以示信也。三代始之，秦汉盛之，六朝二其文（谓文之朱白），唐宋杂其体（谓易其制度）。
The ancient people used it to show their faith. From the claws, from the sun, with the feast of the hand to show the faith. At the beginning of the three dynasties, the Qin and Han Dynasties were prosperous, the Six Dynasties were the second, and the Tang and Song dynasties were miscellaneous.
章chapter
章即印也。累文成章曰章。汉列侯丞相太尉前后左右将军黄金印龟纽文曰章。
The seal is printed. There are many articles in the book. Around the time, general Taiwei, the Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty, printed the tortoise in gold and said 'Zhang'.
符节a tally used in ancient times as credentials or a warrant
师古曰符为合符以为契节，以毛为之，上下相重者三，取象竹节因以为名。将命者持以为信。历代各异其制，汉作铜虎符。
In ancient times, it was said that the combination of the Fu and the Fu was the Qijie, and the Mao was the most important one. It took the name of the elephant bamboo as its name. Hold the life as a letter. There are different systems in different dynasties, and the bronze and tiger amulets are made in Han Dynasty.
三代印The three generation of India
通典以为三代之制人臣皆以金玉为印，龙虎为纽，其文未考。或谓三代无印，非也，周书曰汤放桀大会诸侯，取玺置于天子之座，则其有玺印明矣。虞卿之弃，苏秦之佩，岂非周之遗制乎？
According to the general code, the officials of the three generations are all made of gold and jade, and the dragon and the tiger are the new ones. Their articles have not been examined. Or that three generations without seal, not also, Zhou Shu said Tang Fang Jie General Assembly of princes, take the seal in the seat of the emperor, then it has the seal clearly. Is it not Zhou's legacy that Yu Qing's abandonment and Su Qin's admiration?
秦印Qin Yin
秦之印章少易周制，皆损益史籀之文，但未及二世，其传不广。
The seals of Qin Dynasty were few and easy to be made in Zhou Dynasty, all of which were written in the history of profit and loss, but they were not widely spread before the second.
汉印Han seal
汉因秦制而变其摹印篆法，增减改易，制度虽殊，实本六义。古朴典雅，莫外乎汉矣。
Because of Qin system, Han Dynasty changed its method of copying seal characters, increasing and decreasing it, though the system was different, it had six meanings. Ancient and elegant, nothing more than Han Dynasty.
魏晋印Wei Jin Yin
魏晋印章本乎汉制，间有易者，亦无大失。
The seal of Wei and Jin Dynasties was originally made in Han Dynasty, and there was no big loss if there were changes between them.
六朝印Six Dynasties seal
六朝印章因时改易，遂作朱文白文。印章之变则始于此。
The seal of the Six Dynasties changed with time, so it was written in Zhuwen and Baiwen. The change of seal begins here.
唐印Tang Yin
唐之印章因六朝作朱文，日流于伪谬，多曲屈盘旋，皆悖六义，毫无古法。印章至此，邪谬甚矣。
The seal of Tang Dynasty was written by Zhu Wen in the Six Dynasties. It was often false and twisted. It was against the six meanings and had no ancient method. At this point, the seal is very evil.
宋印Song Yin
宋承唐制，文愈支离，不宗古法，多尚纤巧，更其制度，或方或圆，其文用斋堂馆阁等字，交之秦汉大相悖矣。
The Song Dynasty inherited the Tang Dynasty system, and the more separated the culture, the less ancient it was, the more delicate it was, the better the system was, the more square or round it was, and the use of Zhaitang, Guange and other words in its culture was contrary to the Qin and Han Dynasties.
元印Yuan Yin
元人之变，冠履倒悬，六文八体尽失，印亦因之绝无知者。至正间有吾邱子行赵文敏子昂正其款制，然皆尚朱文、宗玉筋，意在复古，间有一二得者第工巧是饬，虽有笔意，然古朴之妙则犹未然。
Yuan people change, crown and shoes hanging upside down, six articles and eight bodies lost, because of which there is no one who knows. Among them, I Qiu Zixing, Zhao Wenmin, Zi ang Zhengqi, all of them are Zhu Wen and Zong Yujin, aiming to go back to ancient times. Among them, one or two of the most skillful is to regulate. Although there is a brushwork in them, the simplicity is still unknown.
国朝印National seal
国朝官印，文用九叠而朱，以曲屈平满为主，不类秦汉制，品级之大小以分寸别之。私印本于宋。元隆庆间，武陵顾氏集古印为谱行之于世，印章之荒自此破矣。好事者始知赏鉴秦汉印章，复宗其制度。时之印薮印谱叠出，急于射利，则又多寄之梨枣，且剞劂氏不知文义，有大同小异处则一概鼓之于刀，岂不反为之误？博古者知辨邪正法，遂得秦汉之妙耳。
The official seal of the state Dynasty is composed of nine stacks of Chinese characters and Zhu characters. It is mainly made of Qu, Qu, Ping and man. It is not made in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and its grade is different in size. The private edition was in Song Dynasty. During the long Qing period of the Yuan Dynasty, the Gu family in Wuling Collected Ancient seals as a way of writing, and the shortage of seals has been broken since then. Those who do good will know how to appreciate the Qin and Han seals and restore their systems. When the printed books of the time were piled up, eager to shoot at the profits, they sent more dates to you, and you didn't know the meaning of the words. If there are similar and small differences, they all drum to the sword. Isn't it wrong? Ancient people know how to distinguish evil and right, so they got the wonderful ear of Qin and Han Dynasties.
玉印Jade seal
三代以玉为印，惟秦汉天子用之，私印间有用者，取君子佩玉之意，其文温润有神，愈旧愈妙。
In the three dynasties, jade was used as a seal, but only by the emperor of Qin and Han Dynasties. Those who used it in private seal took the meaning of a gentleman wearing jade. The Wen is gentle and has spirit, and the older it is, the better it is.
金印Gold seal
金印，汉王侯用之，私印亦有用者，其文和而光，虽贵重难入赏鉴。古用金银为印，别品级耳。
The gold seal is used by the Marquis of Han Dynasty. The private seal is also useful. Although it is valuable, it is hard to be appreciated. In ancient times, gold and silver were used as seals.
银印Silver seal
汉二千石银印，龟纽，私印，因之其文柔而无锋，刻则赋刀入赏鉴不清
In the Han Dynasty, there were two thousand stone silver seals, turtle buttons, and private seals. Because of their gentle and soft style, they had no sharp edge. If they were engraved, they would not be appreciated
铜印copper seal
古今官私印俱用，其文壮健而有回珠，旧者佳，新者次之。制有铸有凿有刻，亦有涂金商银者。
In ancient and modern times, official and private seals are all used, and the articles are strong and have beads. The old ones are good, the new ones are second. They are made of cast, chiseled, engraved, and coated with gold and silver.
宝石印Gem print
宝石古不以为印，私印只存一二，今未有之也，且艰于刻。
Gems did not think of seal in the ancient times, but only one or two private seals exist, which is difficult to carve.
玛瑙印Agate printing
玛瑙亦无官印，私印间有之，硬不可刻，其文刚燥不温，用为私印近俗。
Agate also has no official seal. It can be used as a private seal because it is hard to engrave and its text is hard, dry and warm.
瓷印Porcelain printing
上古无瓷印，唐宋始用以为私印，硬不易刻，其文类玉，稍粗，其制有龟纽、瓦钮、鼻钮，旧者佳，新者次之，亦堪赏鉴。
There was no porcelain seal in ancient times. It was used as a private seal in Tang and Song dynasties. It was hard and hard to carve. Its article was jade, slightly thick. Its system included turtle button, tile button and nose button. The old one was better, the new one was second, and it was also worthy of appreciation.
水晶印Crystal print
水晶古不以为印，近有用者，但硬而难刻，其文滑而不涵，惟用之饰玩亦可。
Crystal is hard and hard to carve. It's smooth and doesn't matter. It can only be used for ornament.
石印Lithography
石质古不以为印，唐宋私印始用之，不耐久，故不传。唐武德七年，陕州获石玺一钮，文与传国玺同，不知作者为谁。石有数种，灯光冻石为最，其文俱润泽有光，别有一种笔意丰神，即金玉难优劣之也。
In ancient times, the stone was not used as a seal. The private seal of Tang and Song Dynasties was not durable, so it was not handed down. In the seventh year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty, shaanzhou was granted a stone seal. The text is the same as the national seal. I don't know who the author is. There are several kinds of stones, among which the light frozen stone is the most, the articles are all smooth and bright, and there is another kind of rich spirit of writing, that is, gold and jade are not good or bad.
象牙印Ivory seal
汉乘舆双印二千石至四百石以下皆以象牙为之，唐宋用以为私印，其质软，朱文则可，白文无神且涉于板，时欲朱文深细者用之。
The two thousand to four hundred stone double seals in Chengyu of Han Dynasty are all made of ivory. They were used in Tang and Song Dynasty as private seals. They are soft in quality, but in Zhu Wen they are OK. The white ones are not divine and involve in the board. They are used when the Zhu Wen is deep and detailed.
犀角印Rhinoceros horn printing
汉乘舆双印二千石至四百石以黑犀为之，余印不用，好奇者用以为私印，其质粗软，久而 斜不足玩。
The two thousand to four hundred stones in the double seal of chengyu in the Han Dynasty are made of black rhinoceros, and the rest are not used. Those who are curious use them as private seals. Their quality is thick and soft, and they are too long to play.
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