第三节
一、一般过去时的构成
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示
(一)行为动词
( 二 )动词be
主语 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句和简略答语 |
第一、三人称单数 | 主语+was+… | 主语+wasn’t… | Was+主语+…? Yes,主语+was/were. /No,主语+was/were. |
其他人称 | 主语+were+… | 主语+weren’t … | Were+主语+…? Yes,主语+was/were. /No,主语+was/were. |
[注]疑问句主语与简略答语主语有时一致,有时不一致。
| 疑问句主语 | 答语主语 |
| 第一人称 | 第二人称 |
第二人称 | 第一人称 | |
第三人称 | 第三人称 |
二、动词过去式(包括过去分词)的构成和读音
动词过去式(包括过去分词)有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
(一)规则变化
构成规则 | 原形 | 过去式 | 说明 |
一般在动词原形末尾加-ed.(直加) | look play | looked played | 大多数动词过去式构成属于此类。 |
以e结尾的动词加-d(半加) | live close | lived closed | 常见的此类动词还有:use, move,hope, arrive, operate, die, tie, love, hate |
重读闭音节动词,若末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed.(双加) | stop plan | stopped planned | 此类动词还有:trip, drop, beg, prefer |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为I,再加-ed.(变加) | cry worry | cried worried | 此类动词还有:study, carry, try, marry等 |
[注]travel的过去式有两种:直接加–ed,traveled 双写l再加-ed, travelled
词尾-ed的读音
1、在 清辅音后读/t/。如:
Passed
Washed
Laughed coughed
2、在浊辅音和元音后读/d/。如:
Moved
called worried-ed
Agree
3、在/t/,/d/后读/id/,如:
Needed
Wanted
(counted, hated, planted, pointed, started, invented)
(不规则变化)
三、一般过去式的用法
1、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态,常和yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1990, just now 等表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
— What did you have for breakfast yesterday?
— I had some bread and a glass of milk.
They came to China in 1995.
他们是1995年来中国的。
The film didn’t start until 8 o’clock last night.
昨晚直到8点钟电影才开始。
2、表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often, always, twice a week, every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。如:
3、在条件和时间状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。如:
4、用于since从句,表示“以过去某个动作的发生作为时间起点,一直持续到现在”的时间段。如:
He has been in hospital since he became ill.
自从他生病以来,他一直住在医院。
You haven’t changed much since we last met.
自从上次我们见面以来,你变化不大。
It’s 3 years since my brother joined the Party.
我哥哥入党已有3年了。
5、before和after引导的时间状语从句所表示的动作与主句动作前后紧凑时,由于before和 after本身自己已经说明了两个动作的先后关系,所以这两个动作都可以用一般过去时。当然从句或主句中发生在前面的动作也可以用过去完成时,另一个发生在后面的动作则用一般过去时。如:
After I finished/ had finished my homework, I went to bed last night.
昨晚我完成了作业后,就去睡觉了。
Before I arrived the station , the train left/had left.
在我到达车站时,火车已经离开了。
[注]1、对于过去发生的时间不很清楚的某个动作,要结合上下文理解,翻译时要适当添加“当时”,“那时”来体现表示过去的时间,这样不容易与一般现在时混淆。如:
I thought I lost my film ticket. But it’s still in my inside pocket.
我本以为我把电影票丢了。但它仍在我的内袋里。
We never thought a team of girls could beat us. This is the most unlucky day of my life.
我们本以为女队绝不可能打败我们,这是我一生中最不幸的日子。
I believed he would not come to see me again.
我本以为他再也不会来看我了。
3、情态动词could(can的过去式)would和(will的过去式)既可以表示一般过去时,也可以用于疑问句中表示委婉说法。如:
My daughter could ride a bike when she was five.(过去式)
我女儿五岁时就会骑自行车。
Could you tell me what has happened?
你能告诉我发生了什么事情?
He said he would help me with my English.
他当时说他愿意帮我学英语。
Would you please turn down the radio?
请把收音机声音调小一点好吗?
The boys’ team used to help the girls’ with their training.
男队员过去常常帮助女队员训练。(陪练)
4、“used to+动词原形”结构表示过去的习惯或状态(现在已不复存在),意为“过去常常……”。它用于所有人称,其否定式和疑问式的构成既可以直接依托used,也可以借助助动词did,(在口语中大多数人常用此种形式)
I used to get up very late.
我过去常常起床很晚.
He used to be a worker in a TV set factory.
他曾经是电视机厂的一名工人.
He use not to /didn’t use to like skating, but now he likes it very much.
他过去不喜欢滑冰,但现在很喜欢.
Did you used to go there./ Used you to go there?
你以往常去那儿吗?
(二)不规则变化
1、A-A-A
hit-hit-hit打击,撞
hurt-hurt-hurt受伤
let-let-let让
put-put-put放
read-read[red]-read[red] 读
set-set-set安装,放置
shut-shut-shut关闭
2、A-B-B
从元音字母处改为ought:
从元音字母处改为aught:
d→t:
lend-lent-lent借给
l→t:
元音字母变化:
have/has had had吃,有
变辅音为d或变y为i,+d:
make made made使
pay paid paid付款
say said said说
lay laid laid产卵,下蛋
sell sold sold卖
tell told told告诉
原形+t:
burn burnt(burned) burnt(burned) 燃烧
learn learnt learnt学习
mean meant meant意思
hear heard heard听见
meet met met遇见
lose lost lost丢失
leave left left离开
eep/eel →ept/elt:
sleep slept slept睡觉
keep kept kept保持
sweep swept swept打扫
feel felt felt感觉
3、A-B-C
begin began begun开始
drink drank drunk喝
ring rang rung打电话
sing sang sung唱
sink sank sunk下沉
swim swam swum游泳
ow/aw→ew过去式;原形+n→ 过去分词:
blow blew blown吹
grow grew grown生长,种植
know knew known知道,懂
throw threw thrown扔
draw drew drawn画
drive drove driven驾驶
rise rose risen升起
i →o/a=过去式;原形+n=过去分词:
ride rode ridden骑
write wrote written写
give gave given给
hide hid hidden藏
(mis)take (mis)took (mis)taken
弄错
原形+en→ 过去分词:
eat ate eaten吃
fall fell fallen下落,掉下
wear wore worn 穿着
过去式+n→ 过去分词:
steal stole stolen偷窃
forget forgot forgotten忘记
freeze froze frozen凝结,结冰
choose chose chosen选择
break broke broken打破
speak spoke spoken说
wake woke(woked) woken(woked, woke)醒
show showed shown展示
am/is was been是
are were been是
do did done干,做
go went gone去,走
lie lay lain位于,平躺
see saw seen看见
4、A-B-A
come came come来
become became become变得
run ran run 跑
5、A-A-B
[注]1、要注意区别以下三个动词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成:
lie(说谎)lied lied lying
lie(躺/位于)lay lain lying
lay(产卵/放下)laid laid laying
2、注意以下几组与过去式或过去分词有关的同音词
past-passed
through-threw
new –knew
blue-blew
one-won
right-write
where-wear
by-buy
no-know
3、read的过去式与过去分词虽然与原形相同,但其发音与原形不同,//。
4、hang 的过去式和过去分词既可以是规则变化,也可以是不规则变化,hung hung,但其含义却不同。前者是吊死、上吊、绞死,后者是悬挂。如:
The robber was hanged yesterday.那个抢劫犯昨天被处以绞刑。
Last night, Mum hanged the wet clothes by the fireplace to dry.
昨晚,妈妈把湿衣服挂在壁炉旁烤干。
They hanged their stockings at the end of the end.
他们把长统袜挂在床头上。
第四节 过去进行时
一、过去进行时的构成
过去进行时由“助动词was/were+现在分词”构成。它的人称和数的变化通过助动词was或were体现出来,主语是第一、三人称单数时用was,其他人称用 were,其否定式和疑问式直接依托was/were构成。
肯定式:主语+was/were+现在分词+…
否定式:主语+ was/were +not+现在分词+…
疑问式和简略答语:—Was/Were+主语+现在分词+…?
[注] 1、was not常缩略为wasn’t
二、过去进行时的用法
1、表示过去某个时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,常与 at eight o’clock last night,from 8:00 to 12:00 yesterday morning. (at) this time yesterday等时间状语连用。如:
Policeman: What were you doing at twelve o’clock last night?
警察:昨晚12点你在干什么?
Robber: I… I was sleeping.
抢劫犯:我……我在睡觉。
We were having an English class this time yesterday.
昨晚这个时候我们正在上英语课。
过去进行时也可以通过与另一个动作对比或上下文暗示体现出来。如:
It was very cold outside, and it was blowing strongly.
外面非常冷,而且还刮着大风。
Li Lei was drawing a lion on the blackboard when the teacher came in.
老师进来时,李蕾正在黑板上画狮子。
We were having supper when the telephone rang.
我们正在吃晚饭,这时电话响了。
While Jim was repairing his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.
吉姆正修着自行车,林涛来看他了。
2、表示过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作,常适用于go, come, leave, die, arrive, start, fly fall asleep等瞬间动词。如:
Mr. Green was flying to Guangzhou the next week.
第二周格林先生要乘飞机去广州。
I was just falling asleep when someone knocked on the door.
我刚要睡着,这时有人敲门。
3、与always连用,用来叙述过去经常或反复的动作,带有赞扬、厌烦、抱怨等感情色彩。如:
My brother was always losing his key.
我弟弟总是把他的钥匙弄丢。(厌烦)
She was always quarrelling with her neighbours.
她老是和邻居吵架。(厌烦)
She was always doing things for other people.
她总是为别人做事。(赞扬)
三、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
1、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,说明动作的未完成性、持久性,而一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,说明动作已完成。如:
Bruce was writing a letter to his parents last night.
布鲁斯昨晚一直在给他的父母写信。(信不一定写完)
Bruce wrote a letter to his parents last night.
布鲁斯昨晚给他的父母写了一封信。(信写完了)
2、过去进行时和一般过去时都可以与always连用,表示过去经常或反复的动作,但一般过去时只是说明事实,过去进行时则带有一定的感情色彩。如:
He always got up very late.(事实)
他总是起床很晚。
He was always getting up late.(抱怨)
他老是起床很晚。
第五节 一般将来时
一、一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。第一人称(I/we)的疑问句常用助动词shall,其余人称和句式用will。如:
肯定句:主语+will+动词原形+...
否定句:主语+will + not+动词原形+...
疑问句:Shall+ I/we+动词原形+...?
Will +主语(其他)+动词原形+...?
[注]will在主语后常缩略为 ’ll,will not常缩略为won’t.
二、一般将来时的用法:
1、表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next week, in a month, soon, later on(稍后)等表示将来的时间状语连用。如:
We will have an English test next week.
下周我们要进行一次英语测试。
He’ll be back in a few days.
几天后他会回来。
It will be sunny the day after tomorrow.
后天会晴朗起来。
Where and when shall we meet?
我们要在何时何地见面?
2、表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。如:
We’ll have a big family get-together every Mid-autumn Festival.
每年中秋节我们都要举行家庭聚会。
Father will ring me up on Sundays.
每星期日爸爸都会给我打电话。
[注]will 、shall作情态动词时,用于表示意愿、委婉说法或征求对方意见。如:
I will tell him the truth if he wants to know.
如果他想了解,我愿意告诉他真相。
Will you please speak a little louder?
请你说得声音大一下好吗?
Will you please not close the windows?
请你别关窗户好吗?
Shall we go boating in Zhongshan Park?
我们去中山公园划船好吗?
三、一般将来时的特殊表达
1、“be going to +动词原形”表示“计划”、“打算”、“决定”做某事,强调动作的计划性和目的性,也可以表示根据已有迹象判断会发生的事情或不以人的意志为转移的事情,如:
What are you going to do tomorrow?
明天你打算干什么?
I’m going to do some washing.
我打算洗衣服。
Tomorrow is going to be Teachers’ Day. We’ll have a day off.
明天是教师节。我们将放假一天。
Look at the black clouds! It’s going to rain.
看那些乌云!快要下雨了。
2、“be going to+动词原形”表示“不久就要…”,不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。如:
3、“be to+动词原形” 表示约定或按职责、义务要求即将发生的动作。如:
We are to meet at the station at four this afternoon.
我们今天下午4点在车站相会。
Tom is on duty today. He is to arrive here before eight o’clock.
今天汤姆值日。他八点前要到这儿。
4、有些瞬间动词,如go, come, leave, arrive, die, fly, return, meet等,可用现在进行时表示一般将来时。如:
John is coming to my home for Mid-autumn Festival.
约翰将来我家过中秋节。
5、在含有时间或条件状语从句复合句中,主句通常使用一般将来时,从句常用一般现在时代表一般将来时。如:
I’ll ring you up as soon as she comes back.
她一回来我就给你打电话。
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t start the sports meeting.
如果明天下雨,我们就不举行运动会。
第六节 过去将来时
一、过去将来时的构成
(一)“ 由助动词+动词原形”构成,should用于第一人称,would用于所有人称。
[注]would常与前面的主语缩略为 ’d ,如she’d, we’d ,would not常缩略为 wouldn’t。
(二)由“was/were going to +动词原形”构成,was用于第一或第三人称单数,were用于其他人称。
肯定句:主语+was/ were going to+动词原形+…
否定句:主语+was/were going to + not +动词原形+…
疑问句:Was/Were +主语+going to+动词原形+…?
3、在含有时间或条件状语的复合句中,主句通常使用过去将来时,从句常用一般过去时代表过去将来时。如:
If it rained the next day, we wouldn’t water the young trees.
如果明天不下雨,我们将不再浇这些小树。
他一到家,我就通知你。
As soon as he arrived here, I would let you know.
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