Langzi选编
四．形容词和副词
I. 形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
2
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only solution possible
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置
the only person awake
4
和空间、时间、单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
5
成对的形容词可以后置
a huge room simple and beautiful
6
形容词短语一般后置
a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词
数词
性状形容词
冠词前的形容词
冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格
序数词
基数词
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
颜色
国籍
产地
材料
质地
名词
all
both
such
the
a
this
another
your
second
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
6
名词+形容词
world-famous
2
形容词+形容词
dark-blue
7
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
3
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
8
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
4
副词+现在分词
hard-working
9
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
5
副词+过去分词
newly-built
10
数词+名词
twenty-year
II. 副词
副词的分类：
1
时间副词
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
5
频度副词
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2
地点副词
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
6
疑问副词
how, where, when, why
3
方式副词
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
7
连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4
程度副词
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
8
关系副词
when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五．介词
I. 介词分类：
1
简单介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2
合成介词
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
3
短语介词
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4
双重介词
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5
分词转化成的介词
considering(就而论), including
6
形容词转化成的介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别：
1
表示时间的in, on, at
at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关
2
表示时间的since, from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始
3
表示时间的in, after
in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
4
表示地理位置的in, on, to
in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外
5
表示“在…上”的on, in
on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分
6
表示“穿过”的through, across
through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关
7
表示“关于”的about, on
about指涉及到，on指专门论述
8
between与among的区别
between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间
9
besides与except的区别
besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首
10
表示“用”的in, with
with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音
11
as与like的区别
as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似
12
in与into区别
in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置
六．动词
I. 动词的时态：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般
ask / asks
asked
shall/will ask
should/would ask
进行
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
完成
have/has asked
had asked
shall/will have asked
should/would have asked
完成进行
have/has been asking
had been asking
shall/will have been asking
should/would have been asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式：
将来时
用法
例句
1
will/shall+动词原形
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
My sister will be ten next year.
2
be going to+动词原形
含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事
It’s going to clear up.
We’re going to have a party tonight.
3
be + doing 进行时表示将来
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
4
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
5
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6
一般现在时表示将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
II. 动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态
构成
常用被动语态
构成
1
一般现在时
am/is/are asked
6
过去进行时
was/were being asked
2
一般过去时
was/were asked
7
现在完成时
have/has been asked
3
一般将来时
shall/will be asked
8
过去完成时
had been asked
4
过去将来时
should/would be asked
9
将来完成时
will/would have been asked
5
现在进行时
am/is/are being asked
10
含有情态动词的
can/must/may be asked
注
意
事
项
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be
going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：
The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
