高考英语阅读理解专题（四）猜测词义   

                             

 

这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。

【常见的提问方式】：

The word “  ” in paragraph     can best be replaced by       

The underlined word “    ” most probably means        

By saying “    ”, the author means       

The expression “     ” is closest to      

According to the passage, the phrase “    ” suggests       

The underlined part “       ” (in Para    )  means      .

【猜词技巧】：

一、通过定义、解释来推测词义。

【例 如】：

1. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 根据解释可知anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”? 

【高考示例】：

10.Throughout the history of the arts，the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists．No matter what objects they select，artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change-to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before．

The underlined word “poetry” most probably means          .

A .an object for artistic creation                B. a collection of poems

C. an unusual quality                                D .a natural scene

由where no one has ever seen or experienced it before可知poetry是指“一种不同寻常的品质”。答案C。

【归纳】：文中某些生词的词义，在下文中有解释或说明：或以定义?定语从句?同位语的形式出现; 或用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。标志词（短语）有：that is （to say）, or, similarly, stand for, in other words，namely, or other, say, i.e. 以及be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, be known as,define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

二、通过下文的例子猜词义 。　　

【例如】：: 1.Generally, we like to read periodicals, such as Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader's Digest, etc. 根据例子,可推出periodical的意思是“期刊”? 

【归纳】：常由such as，like，for example，for instance ，similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等连词列举。

三? 根据词语之间的对等关系猜词义

【例如】：The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness.

    这个句中的and连接created a feeling of lassitude和encouraged laziness两个并列成分? Created与encouraged相对应,而lassitude与laziness相对应,由此可猜出lassitude是“困乏”、“无力”?“无精打采”等意思? 

【归纳】：其标志词：and, or, still等。

四? 根据对比?转折关系猜词义

【例如】：

1.If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 根据前后对比，可以推断出dissent与agree的意思相反,意为“不同意”?“不赞成”?
　　【高考示例】：

2.The house looked quite normal outside，but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display．

Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?

A. Messy and untidy．                 B. Rich and expensive．

C．Comfortable and calming．          D．Foreign and unusual．

思路点拨：由文章第三段第一句话中的“but”转折词，可知前后意思形成对比，再根据“fascinating objects on display”可推断出来。答案D。

【归纳】：表示对比、转折关系的词（短语）有：but，unlike, not, however, though, otherwise, neverthess, while，（on the one hand…）on the other hand，for one thing…for another ，despite, in spite of, in contrast ，instead of, rather than和众多反义词。

五? 根据因果关系猜词义
　　【例如】：

1.Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in his reading. 主句 “当我走进教室的时候,玛丽没有注意到我”?据此,可推断从句中的engross是“使全神贯注”?“吸引”的意思?
　　【高考示例】：

2.I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big“ to do” over the younger one because she is the one who seems more easily hurt．We do it with the best of intentions．

The underlined expression make a big“ to do” over  means…    

A. show much concern about                B. have a special effect on

C．1istjobs to be done for                  D．do good things for

点拨：答案A。由“我”的较大的孩子对客人的评价的反应可知，我们成年人往往更多地关注较小的孩子，因为她更容易受到伤害，而没有意识到这种关注可能会伤害较大孩子的感情。句中make a big“to do”over the younger one是指“更关注更小的孩子”。

【归纳】：表示因果关系的词有：because, so that，since, as, so, so／such…that… 等?

六?根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义

【例如】：

1.Although he often had the opportunity, Mr Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to be detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 由harmful我们可推出detrimental词义为“使危险的”?“有害的”?

【归纳】：在句子或段落中,我们可以利用已知的词语,推断出生词的词义?引出同义词的标志性词语：similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。

七? 根据构词法猜测词义

     【例如】：

根据词根conscious(清醒的，有意识的)，前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 可猜出semiconscious的词义是“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。

【高考示例】：

As you are receiving my note by E-mail, it's wise to remember how easily this wonderful technology can be misused, sometimes unintentionally, with serious consequences. 此句中, misuse是在词根use前面加上前缀mis-而构成的, mis-表示“误”?“错”的意思,从而可判断misuse意为“错用”?“误用”; unintentionally是由intention→intentional→intentionally→

unintionally逐步派生而成的,从而推出它的意思为“不是有意地”? 

（一）. 根据前缀猜测词义
　　【练习】：把划线部分词汇的中文含义写在括号里或选择。

1. unforeseeable,词根为see, 前缀fore-是“早先”?“预先”,前缀un-是“不”,所以可以猜知unforeseeable是“未能预见的”? 

2.（05江西）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? （           ）

（二）. 根据后缀猜测词义 
　　【练习】：把划线部分词汇的中文含义写在括号里或选择。

1.Insecticide is applied where it is needed. （             ）

2.Then the vapor may change into droplets. （             ）

3.（05 广东）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（             ）

4.'Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,' Anaclerio said, 'and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.' （             ）
      【归纳】：常见词缀：super(超), inter(在……之间), able(能……的), mini(极少的，微型的)，micro(极微小的), re(再，反复), sub(分支的，底下), co(共同), post(后), pre(前), trans(超越；转换), under(在……之下；低于……；不足), hood(状态；性质；时期), ish(如……的；有点儿……的); proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份；资格；权力；性质), some(易于……的), wards(向), mis(误；恶), un(不；非), in(不；非), im(不； 非), dis(不), non (不；非)，less(不；无), anti(反；防), sino(中国)。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.

（三）利用词性转化猜测词义

【例如】：

The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.

The underlined work “aging” means ______.

A. counting the number of years someone lives    B. the numbers of years someone lives

C. becoming older                           D. making someone looking older

【分析】：答案为C。age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思，此处作动词用，意思是“老化”。

八? 根据复合词的各个组成部分的意思猜词义 。
　　【例如】：1.Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. 句中hightlight是由high “高的”?“强的”和light “光线”组成的,所以hightlight是“以强光照射”?“使突出”的意思? 

九? 根据日常常识来猜词义
　　【例如】：

1.People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished. 受到惩罚的常常是不遵守法律的人?由此推断出comply是“遵从”?“服从”? 

【高考示例】：

2.Shopkeepers in Modbury，population 1 500，agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday．They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead．

The underlined word“disposable’’in the passage probably means…

A acceptable       B．Valuable        C throw-away        D．long-lasting

点拨：答案C。由文章第二段可知，Modbury的店主都同意停止向顾客分发一次性袋子。可知，划线单词disposable意为“一次性的，用完即扔的”，故选throw-away。

【归纳】：利用上下文语境，结合自身生活经验进行逻辑推理。

十、利用文义及逻辑关系来猜词义

【高考示例】：

1.Born in Chicago in 1902，brought up and schooled in Nebraska，the 1 9-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education．

The words“hooked on teaching”underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean__________．

A. attracted to teaching          B．tired of teaching

C．satisfied with teaching       D．unhappy about teaching

点拨：答案A。由后文“changed his major from medicine to education'’可知Tyler对教学产生了兴趣。

【归纳】：理清生词前后文义，分析前后文的逻辑关系，是递进、转折，还是并列。

十一、利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义

【高考示例】：

1.However obvious these facts may appear at first glance，they are actually not SO obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject．

In Paragraph 3，“take special pains”probably means…

A. try very hard      B. take our time      C .are very unhappy      D. feel especially painful

点拨：答案A。从上文中的“they are actually not so obvious as they seem”及文中的except可知，take special pains与该句语意应相反，可得出答案A正确。take pains to do sth． “费力去做某事”。

【归纳】：理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，结合原词含义发挥合理想象，概括它的新词义。

十二、根据上下文的指代关系, 判断指代内容

根据语境判断代词(this, that，it，they，them，one等)或代动词(do，does, did等)究竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。此类题在广东近七年高考中没有考过。

一般说来，代词的指代内容大多在它的前一句中，或者前几个句子中，有时也在它的后一句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。

【例如】：
      1. However, the question that 'moon people' asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
      首先，it指上句中的the question，而the question又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题，所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。

【归纳】：文中的代词it，that，he，him或them可指上文提到的人或物，其中it 指代单数名词(单数可数名词或不可数名词)，或一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单可数名词等。正确答案应在意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上都通顺。