2018高考英语阅读理解词义猜测题专题突破
Step1猜测词义常见设问方式
1.Which of the following is the nearest in meaning to “ ’’?
2.What does the author probably mean by “ ’’?
3.The word “ ’’ in the contest means _____.
4.The term can be best replaced by _____.
5.The word “ ’’ probably refers to ____.
6.As used in the line … the word “ ’’ refers to ______.
7.According to the passage, the word “ ’’ is known as_____.
8.The passage use the word “ ’’ to refer to ____
9.According to the author, the underlined word “ ’’ means____.
10.From the context/ passage, we can infer that the word “ ’’ means _____.
在词义猜测题中，有些词汇并非生词，只需要根据上下文去推测它应在文章中的具体含义，或找出其指代对象。做这类题，应仔细阅读出现该词的上下文，文章中往往会对这类词或短语进行重复解释或概括归纳。因此答案往往可从文章中找出或推测出。
Step2.方法探究
1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”
The underlined word “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.
A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin
2. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.
The underlined word “donation” in Para.3 probably means ______.
A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others
C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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3. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.
4. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.
5. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.
6. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.
7. Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always takes away things from the shop without paying for them.
【思考归纳】这几道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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8. Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
From the passage, we can infer that the word “autocratic’’ means ______
A. friendly to others B. modest and kindly
C. sticking to one’s own opinion D. hard-working
9. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.
What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.
A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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10. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”
The underlined word “cultivated” (Paragraph 1) roughly means ______.
A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed
11. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.
According to the author, the underlined word static means ______.
A. unchangeable B. inactive C. respective D. widespread
12. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population,Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.
【思考归纳】这三道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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13. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in theUStoday. The main reason? Roadkill.
14. Mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.
【思考归纳】这道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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15. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.
16. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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17. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.
18. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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19. 下题中划线的词可换为：
New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city’s history.
A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack
【思考归纳】这道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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20. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
The underlined phrase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _______.
A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up
21. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop. She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.”
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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22. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.
23. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.
The underlined work “aging” means ______.
A. counting the number of years someone lives
B. the numbers of years someone lives
C. becoming older
D. making someone looking older
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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解题指导
在词义猜测题中，有些词汇并非生词，只需要根据上下文去推测它应在文章中的具体含义，或找出其指代对象。做这类题，应仔细阅读出现该词的上下文，文章中往往会对这类词或短语进行重复解释或概括归纳。因此答案往往可从文章中找出或推测出。
〖猜测词义第一招〗利用上下文语境线索
任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。
〖第二招〗利用定义和解释性线索
阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is, mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。
〖第三招〗根据逻辑关系进行判断。英语中句与句之间在语意上往往存在一些逻辑关系，如因果、对比、并列、转折关系等。
因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等连词体现。
〖第四招〗利用对比线索
有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中多见unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of; rather than等信息词。
〖第五招〗利用同义线索和同等关系
同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like, similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。
〖第六招〗利用例证性线索
某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。
〖第七招〗根据构词法
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。
〖第八招〗注意熟词生义
英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。
〖第九招〗根据常识或经验猜测词义
在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。
〖第十招〗
根据词性转化，猜测它在语境中的词义
题目参考答案
1.D 2.B 3.老年综合症 4 goods 5.抗生素 6 海洋生物学 7 商店里偷窃的人 8 C 9D 10D 11A 12单一的 13虎猫an endangered wild cat
14教堂other public halls can 15期刊 16 会多国语言的人
17抗毒 18简化的 19D 20B 21拖把 22作斗争 23C
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