本文引用格式: 韩彤妍, 冯琪, 王丹华, 等. 中国新生儿复苏指南循证依据及推荐建议的解读[J] . 中华围产医学杂志, 2022, 25(2): 92-98. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20211212-01024
中国新生儿复苏指南(2021年修订)中的推荐意见,既有更新,也有对原有推荐意见的证据更新或重申。本文就更新要点或重要证据的更新或重申做进一步说明,以期正确理解指南和指导培训,实施规范和高效的复苏技术和步骤,改善新生儿结局。
【关键词】 复苏术;婴儿,新生;诊疗指南
3. 3-导联心电监测:在正压通气时,评估通气效果最有效的指标为心率上升和氧饱和度改善。脉搏血氧饱和度仪可监测到心率,但不能快速显示稳定的心率。因此,在正压通气时增加了“考虑使用3-导联心电监测”。需要胸外按压时,已存在循环不良,与脉搏血氧饱和度仪相比,3-导联心电监测能有效捕捉到更准确的心率。因此,胸外按压时推荐使用3-导联心电监测。
二、产前咨询和风险评估
【推荐建议】 产前咨询和评估有利于指导复苏准备工作和复苏过程中的决策(建议等级1级,证据级别B-NR级)。如果有高危因素,则需要多名医护人员在场,组建合格的、熟练掌握复苏技术的团队(建议等级1级,证据级别B-NR级)。团队要明确组长和成员的分工,做好复苏计划(建议等级1级,证据级别C-LD级)。
三、保暖
【推荐建议】 所有新生儿出生后均需给予常规保暖措施(建议等级2a级,证据级别B-R级)。多种保暖措施联用(集束化综合措施)有助于避免极早产儿低体温的发生(建议等级2b级,证据级别B-NR级)。
【推荐建议】 新生儿出生时若羊水清亮,不推荐常规吸引口鼻咽部及气道(建议等级3级,证据级别C-LD级)。如果需要正压通气且气道分泌物较多,可考虑吸引(建议等级2b级,证据级别C-EO级)。
【推荐建议】 新生儿出生时若羊水粪染,首先评估新生儿有无活力。有活力时,继续初步复苏;无活力时,应在20s内完成气管插管及吸引胎粪。
五、评估心率
【推荐建议】 为便于快速、准确、持续获取心率信息并指导复苏进程,推荐新生儿复苏时使用3-导联心电监测(建议等级2b级,证据级别C-LD级),需要胸外按压时应使用3-导联心电监测(建议等级1级,证据级别C-EO级)。
(一)通气压力
1.吸气峰压(peak inspiratory pressure,PIP)
【推荐建议】 复苏时PIP足月儿最高不超过30 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),早产儿最高不超过20~25cmH2O(建议等级2a级,证据级别C-LD级)。当心率>100次/min且胸廓起伏良好时,应避免PIP或潮气量大于实际需要。
2.呼气末正压(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)
【推荐建议】 对需要正压通气的新生儿,最好同时提供PEEP(建议等级2b级,证据级别C-LD级)。早产儿复苏建议使用T-组合复苏器进行正压通气。
3.持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)
【推荐建议】 有自主呼吸的早产儿,出生后如需即刻呼吸支持,应给予CPAP而不是气管插管正压通气(建议等级2a级,证据级别A级)。
【推荐建议】 无论足月儿或早产儿,启动正压通气时,吸气时间不宜超过1s(建议等级2a级,证据级别C-EO级)。早产儿正压通气时使用持续性肺膨胀措施有潜在危害,不建议采用(建议等级3级,证据级别B-R级)。
七、胸外按压与正压通气配合
【推荐建议】 新生儿复苏时须协调进行胸外按压与正压通气,持续保持3∶1的胸外按压与正压通气的比例(建议等级2b级,证据级别C-EO级)。
八、新生儿复苏团队的组建和沟通
【推荐建议】 复苏团队的组长与成员应确保复苏过程中良好的协作、沟通和交流,每次复苏后应由组长组织团队进行复苏过程的总结(建议等级2b级,证据级别C-LD级)。
九、新生儿复苏伦理——不启动和停止复苏
【推荐建议】 如果复苏的所有步骤均已完成,而始终无法检测到心率,应在生后20min后团队与患儿监护人讨论,做出继续或停止复苏的决定(建议等级1级,证据级别C-LD级)。决定应个体化,取决于社会、母亲和胎儿/新生儿等多方面因素(建议等级2a级,证据级别C-EO级)。
【循证依据】 经产前咨询和监护人参与决策,考虑到新生儿疾病和治疗的负担,即使给予复苏和重症监护,其生存或健康存活的可能性很小,在下述情况(可能不限于这些情况)可以不进行新生儿复苏或仅给予有限步骤的复苏操作(建议等级2a级,证据级别C-EO级),包括:即将出生的新生儿处于生存能力的最低限(胎龄<22~24周)、可能早期死亡、已知有严重合并症[58-61]。2015年国际复苏指南对停止复苏的时间界定在生后10 min,而2020年版则指出对于已经接受复苏的新生儿,所有复苏步骤均已尽力实施并完成,但生后20 min新生儿依然没有心率,复苏团队应与新生儿家庭讨论是否考虑停止复苏,并为相关人员提供适当和及时的支持[1,29](建议等级1级,证据级别C-LD级)。这一变更是基于目前关于亚低温治疗的观察性研究和随机对照试验显示生后10 min或者更长时间检测到心率的病例,无严重合并症存活的比例各不相同[62-63]。有系列病例报道显示,尽管生后20 min未检测到心率,依然有少数存活者远期结局良好[64-65]。因此,是否继续或停止复苏,取决于复苏操作是否已经尽到最大努力,是否有后续先进和完善的新生儿治疗措施(如亚低温治疗),分娩前的具体情况以及家庭的救治意愿[1,29]等多个因素,做出个体化决定。
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