雅思阅读第075套P3-The Beginnings of Art Therapy

READING PASSAGE 3

Read the text below and answer Questions27-40.

The Beginnings of Art Therapy

Art therapy is a relativenewcomer to the therapeutic field. Art therapy as a profession began in themid-20th century, arising independently in English-speaking and Europeancountries. Many of the early practitioners of art therapy acknowledged theinfluence of a variety of disciplines on their practices, ranging frompsychoanalysis through to aesthetics and early childhood education. However,the roots of art as therapy go back as far as the late 18th century, when artswere used in the 'moral treatment' of psychiatric patients.

It wasn't until 1942, however,that the British artist Adrian Hill coined the term 'art therapy', as he wasrecovering from tuberculosis in a sanatorium. He discovered that therapeuticbenefits could be derived from drawing and painting whilst recovering. Art, heclaimed, could become therapeutic since it was capable of 'completely engrossingthe mind... releasing the creative energy of the frequently inhibited patient'.This effect, argued Hill, could in turn help the patient as it would 'build upa strong defence against his misfortunes'.

In 1964, the BritishAssociation of Art Therapists was founded. Proponents of art therapy fell intoone of two categories: those who believed that the therapeutic effect of artlay in its effectiveness as a psychoanalytic tool to assess a patient throughtheir drawings and those who held the belief that art-making was an end initself, the creative process acting therapeutically on the patient. The twopractices, however, were not incompatible, a degree of overlap occurringbetween the two. A patient, for example, could produce work that could beanalysed for content and forms of self-expression but which could also be acreative outlet at the same time.

Who Benefits from Art Therapy

Art therapy in all its formshas proved effective in the treatment of individuals suffering with a widerange of difficulties or disabilities. These include emotional, behavioural ormental health problems, learning or physical disabilities. These includeemotional, behaviour or mental health problems, learning or physicaldisabilities, neurological conditions and physical illness. Therapy can beprovided on a group or individual basis according to the clients' needs.Whether the approach adopted by the therapist is oriented towards apsychoanalytic or creative approach, the effect of therapy is multifold.Partaking in art therapy can raise a patient's self-awareness and enable themto deal with stress and traumatic experience. In addition, art therapy sessionscan enhance a patient's cognitive abilities and help the patient enjoy thelife-affirming pleasures of making art.

What an Art Therapy SessionInvolves

Typically, an art therapysession is fundamentally different from an art class in that the individual isencouraged to focus more on their internal feelings and to express them, ratherthan portray external objects. Although some traditional art classes may askparticipants to draw from their imagination, in art therapy the patient's innerworld of images, feelings, thoughts and ideas are always of primary importanceto the experience. Any type of visual art and medium can be employed in thetherapeutic process including painting, drawing, sculpture, photography anddigital art.

Art therapy sessions areusually held by skilled and qualified professionals. The presence primarily ofthe therapist is to be in attendance, guiding and encouraging artisticexpression in the patient, in accordance with the original meaning of the wordfor therapy derived from the Greek word 'therapeia', meaning 'being attentiveto'.

The Regulation of Art Therapy

Requirements for those wishingto become an art therapist vary from country to country. In the USA, whereentry to the profession is highly regulated, a master's degree in art therapyis essential. In addition, those applying for such a post must have takencourses in a variety of studio art disciplines in order to demonstrate artisticproficiency. On completion of the master's degree, candidates also have tocomplete a minimum of 1000 hours of direct client contact post-graduation thatis approved by the American Art Therapy Association (AATA).

However, whilst entry to theprofession is strictly regulated in the USA, the same does not hold true forother countries. The problem is that art therapy is still considered adeveloping field. As such, until it becomes truly established as a therapy, itspractice and application will remain unregulated in many countries for sometime yet.

SECTION 3: QUESTIONS 27-40

Questions 27-33

Do the following statementsagree with the information given in the text?

For questions 27-33,write:

TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

If there is no information on this

27 _________________ The artist Adrian Hill was strongly influenced by psychoanalytictheories when formulating his ideas on art therapy.

28 _________________ Twentieth-century art therapy focuses on treating a client’smental or physical health problems rather than dealing with moral issues.

29 _________________ Approaches to art therapy can be broadly considered to becreative or psychoanalytic; however, practitioners tend to avoid combining thetwo schools of practice.

30 _________________ Clients who respond best to art therapy have a previousbackground in art.

31 _________________ Art therapy sessions are more concerned with expression throughart than on the created art itself.

32 _________________ Many art therapists are insufficiently qualified as they are notaware of the regulations regarding the practice of art therapy.

33 _________________ Art therapy sessions involve limited interaction betweentherapist and client.

Questions 34-37

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREEWORDS from the passage for each answer.

The early pioneers of arttherapy admitted that their beliefs had been shaped by a 34 _________________ influences.

Artist Adrian Hill realised the35 _________________ of art as therapy, and coined the term 'art therapy' in1942.

Those supporting art therapyadvised a psychoanalytic approach or alternatively one that placed moreemphasis on the 36 _________________ itself,

Whilst theories behind arttherapy may differ, they are 37_________________ in practice.

Questions 38-40

Complete the summary with thelist of words, A-F.

Write the correct letter, A-F,in spaces 38-40 below.

A

capable

B

strong

C

keen

D

inhibited

E

creative

F

therapeutic

How Art Therapy Evolved into Its ModernForm

Modern-day art therapy has its beginnings in the 1940s. Adrian Hill, one of its early pioneers, realised that art therapy was effective in helping patients create a 38 ___________ resistance to psychological and social stresses. Hill considered that 39 ___________ patients would particularly benefit form having an artistic outlet. Art therapy then developed into two types of practice, one emphasising a psychoanalytic approach and the other a more 40 ___________ one. Today there is often an overlap between the two practices.