许多杂志把Results和Discussion放在一起以便讨论结果的意义。Discussion部分与Introduction是紧密相关的。讨论要起始于某个课题的已知情况，然后再讨论实验结果对课题研究的进一步认识和意义，当然也要说明结论存在的问题和局限等。可以说这部分是一篇文章中最难写的，如何解释实验结果需要有一定的知识基础和科研思维能力。要写好自己的实验结果及其意义和它对某个课题研究的需要对这个领域的过去和现状有基本了解，一般作者做了些实验，更深入认识，有些新数据，是知识的积累，往往不是创新，在讲述这些结果的意义时，要做到合理、合适，不牵强附会。科学结果往往是相对的，没有绝对正确，写起来要留有余地，所以会经常使用suggest，imply，appear等词。除了掌握写作技巧外，作者应熟悉自己科研领域的文献，善于把自己的结果与文献知识联系起来，这样才能在已有的知识背景下讨论自己实验结果的含义和意义。
讨论部分写作一般应注意以下几个问题：
1尽量使用主动句，可以用第一人称。语句要简练，避免写冗长的句子；
2.对实验结果按其顺序进行讨论，讲述每个结果表示什么和对某个问题认知的意义，这时需要引用文献结果来支持自己的结论;
3.讨论部分不能引入新的数据，所有数据都应来自Results部分;
4.要引用已发表的他人的结果或自己以前的结果来支持自己的结论，有时也需要表明自己的结果支持他人的发现，应该写出自己的结果与已发表的文献的相同和不同之处;
5.应该用一小段来阐述在你的结果的基础上,新的问题或假想是什么? 你是如何去研究新的问题或假想的。
论文，顾名思义，就是要“论”或“Discuss”.通过论述，把自己科研成果和理论的重要性、意义、应用、缺陷等表述清楚，以达到交流的目的。如果把科研成果比喻成一件艺术品那论述就是你对这件艺术品的讲解。艺术品的创造、特点、与其他类似作品的显著区别及不足等都可能是你讲解的内容。同样，论述部分一般或多或少要涉及四个方面: 论文的新颖发现; 与已发表成果的不同或对己有成果的补充; 科研成果的意义和应用性; 有待改进之处和未来科研方向。
讨论部分最容易被写成文献综述或试验结果的另一种描述。为避免这种情况的发生，讨论部分要先从自己的成果写起，讨论你的结果对课题研究的认识和意义。讨论是在论述文献的背景下，与文献知识相比，阐述论文的结果。从很多方面可以找出论文研究的新颖之处。比如：
新的化学反应或反应条件;
更简洁有效的制备方法;
新活性化合物;
新材料或材料新特性;
新工艺和高产率;
改进的分析方法;
高灵敏度，多化合物分析;
某个特殊物种的研究;
基因和酶的研究;
中国人群的药物代谢和药效;
某种疾病群体的药物代谢和治疗;
新病例的诊断和治疗;
针对中国病人群体的研究。
下面讲解一些讨论部分写作的例子。
例1.
Discussion
In the present study，we investigated thepossibility of producing normal，cloned cattle by usingadult somatic donor cells after long-term culture .Our results demonstratedthat long-term culture (up to 15 passages or estimated over 45 cell doublings)of skin fibroblast cells derived from an aged bull did not seem to compromisetheir cloning competence( 一开始就简明的出此论文做了什么和主要发现，以此来展开讨论).Thisfinding is significant because it offers the possibility of using gene-targetedsomatic donor cells for cloning .Currently, we have cultured adult cattle skin fibroblast cells for 30passages ,and the cloning competence of these cells is being evaluated. To ourknowledge ,these were the first normal clones born by using adult skinfibroblast cells after long-term culture (接下来鲜明的出此科研结果的意义，指出这是第一次此类的报道).Somatic donor cells after short term culture(under 10 passages)have been used previously for nuclear transfer (1,3,4,17,18). However ,the cellpassage effect on the outcome of cloning cannot be concluded from those studiesbecause they were conducted by different groups using different cell types andpassage numbers ,different protocols of cell preparation ,nuclear transfer ,andactivation ,and different culture systems ,In the present study ,we used thesame standardized procedures in our nuclear transfer experiments ,and allmicromanipulations were performed by the same skilled microinjectionist .Thisparticular setup makes direct comparison of cell passage effects moremeaningful (接下来写与以E 发表的文献相比，此论文的优势和特点。此论文的结果可以用来做cell passage effects 的比较).
To date ,the overall cloning efficiency using somatic ells has beenlow ,with the reported efficiency ranging from 0 to nearly 10%.This could be partiallyexplained by the high embryonic loss during the first half of gestation .Ourobservation of a high rate of embryonic loss between days 60 and 120 ofgestation is consistent with previous reports for fetal fibroblast clones(5,6,17,22) and adult cumulus ell-derived clones (4).Although low embryonicloss and high calving rates were reported 1n a previous study (3) usingoviductal or cumulus cells for cloning,a high neonatal mortality (50%) wasnoted .The exact mechanisms of early or late embryonic loss and neonatal deathof clones are still not clear; however ,incomplete reprogramming of the donorcell genome in the current cloning scheme may be partially responsible .Abnormalplacenta development for the cloned fetus has recently been reported (23).
To improve the cloning efficiency，the exactmechanism for embryonic loss and high neonatal mortality needs to beinvestigated systematically (论文成果部分的讨论是最重要的，同时也要论述实验方法和现象的改进，不同或相同之处，这类信息对读者也很有益处。这一段就用来讨论一个实验现象(embryonic loss),作者也发现同文献类似的现象，作者试图予以揭示和指出改进的方法).In this study，we demonstrated that adultsomatic cells remained totipotent for cloning after long-term culture .Thissuggests the feasibility of targeted genetic manipulations such as gene knockoutusing cultured somatic cells before cloning to produce knockouts or other typesof genetically engineered cloned animals .Cloning using site-specificgenetically manipulated cells would be a valuable tool with applications inagriculture ,medicine ,and basic biological research (作者最后用三句话对论文的目的、主要发现和意义进行总结，以此结尾)。
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