It is hoped that… 人们希望……
It said that … 据说……
It is believed that… 人们相信
It is reported that… 据报道……
It is hoped that our team will win the game.人们希望我们的队赢得比赛。
It is said that the strange old man is a great artist.据说那个怪老头是一位艺术大师。
It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together.人们认为,在出现书写以前,中国人常把石块放在一起来记事。
It is reported in the papers that the president of the U.S.A will arrive next Monday.据报纸报道美国总统下星期一抵达。
It is/was + adj. + for/of sb.+ to do sth.某人做某事是…….
该句的It 为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式(短语),for/of sb.是不定式的逻辑主语。能用于该句型的形容词常有:(1)important/
unimportant/ necessary/ possible/ impossible/ hard/ difficult/ easy/ useful/ usual/ unusual等。这些形容词的后面常用for来表示不定式的逻辑主语。
①It’s important(for you)to learn English well.(你们)学好英语很重要。
②It’s not easy for them to finish the work within three hours.对他们来说3小时内完成这项工作很难。
(2)right/ wrong/ clever/ foolish/ stupid/ nice/ kind/ rude/ polite/ impolite等。这些形容词的后面常用of 介词短语表示不定式的逻辑主语。
①It’s kind of you to help us.你们帮助我们真是太好了。
②It’s impolite of a person to interrupt people while they are talking.打断别人谈话的人是不礼貌的。
It takes sb. some time to do sth .做某事花某人时间。其中的It 是形式主语。代替后面的不定式(短语)。
①It will take us a whole week to travel through the forest. 穿过这片森林得用我们一整周时间。
②It took them 3 days to finish the work.干完这项工作用了他们3天时间。
It’s time for sth . 该是做……的时候 如:
It’s time for lunch .该吃午饭了。
It’s time (for sb) to do sth . 如:
It’s time (for us )to go to school.(我们)该上学了。
也可用如下说法:
The time has come for lunch.
The time has come for us to go to school.
注意:在It’s time ……句式中time 前可加 high, about 等修饰词,用法不变。其后跟that 从句时要用虚拟语气。如:
It’s (high)time we got up.
It’s about time (that) he knew the truth.
大约是他知道真相的时候了。(that可省略)
接不定式和动名词意义不同的词
1)remember doing/having done记得曾做过某事remember to do记住去做某事 对比:
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?
Please remember to write to your parents when you get there.
2)regret doing/having done 后悔做了(或没做)某事/regret to do遗憾地去做某事 对比:
I regret telling her the truth.
I regret to say that you are completely wrong.
3)try to do 尽力去做/try doing 试着去做
对比:She tried to learn it by heart.
She tried adding more salt to the soup.
4)forget doing 忘记曾经做过/forget to do忘记去做
对比:I forget reading about it in a magazine.
Don’t forget to shut off the gas when you finish cooking.
5)stop doing 停止做/stop to do 停止某一动作去作另一动作(说明停止的目的)
对比:They didn’t start until it stopped raining .
We stopped to see what was going on.
6)mean doing 意味着/mean to do 打算,意图做
对比:Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
I meant to come, but a friend of mine went to see me .
7)want doing 需要(物作主语,动名词主动表示被动)/want to do 想做(人作主语)
对比:The wall wants painting. I want to paint the wall myself.
join,join in, take part in ,attend
1)join 表示“加入党派,组织、社团、俱乐部”等。
如:join the Party/Youth League/army/club/organization入党/入团/参军/加入俱乐部/加入组织。Would yo join us(in) singing?和我们一起唱歌吧!
His brother joined the army a year ago.
他哥哥一年前参军了。
Join还可表示“来(去)和某人呆在一起,把……连在一起”
I will join you in a few minutes.我一会就过来。
Please join the two ends of the rope together.把绳子两头接起来。
2)join in 表示“参加正在进行的活动”。如 :join in a game /discussion/conversation/walk/talk参加游戏/讨论/谈话/一起散步/一起讨论。亦可说:join sb. in (doing)sth.表示“加入某人一起做某事”。
3)take part in 表示“参加会议、活动”,侧重说明主语参加并发挥一定作用,part 前若有修饰语,要用不定冠词。如:take (an active)part in a party/school activities/physical labour(积极)参加聚会/学校活动/体力劳动。
4)attend 表示“出席、参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、典礼、上课、上学、听报告”。如:attend a meeting/a sports meeting/a concer/a show/school/a lecture参加会议/运动会/出席音乐会/出席展览会/上学/听演讲。
[应用]完成句子
①我哥哥参军2年了。
It’s two years since my brother_______the army.
②我的朋友和我一起祝你生日快乐。
All my friends_______ ________ ________ wishing you a happy birthday.
③今晚有一个聚会,你参加吗?
There will be a party this evening. Are you going to_______ ______ _______ it?
④迈克没有参加莉莉的婚礼。
Mike didn’t ______ Lily’s wedding.
Key:①joined ②join,me,in③take,part,in ④attend
keep doing sth.连续、持续地做某事。
①They kept sitting there for several hours.他们在那里连续坐了好几个小时。
②He kept asking silly questions.他不住地问些愚蠢的问题。
keep ;store; save
三个词都有“存”的含义。
store是及物动词,“储藏、储存”的意思,一般强调在一个空间范围内的保管和收藏。如:
We had to store all this while we were away. 我们不在家时,得把所有的一切都收藏起来。如:
After harvest we store the grain.收割后我们把粮食存起来。
save既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物动词,可指货币的储蓄。如:
He was out of work, he had saved no money before.他失业了,以前也没有攒下钱。
They are saving for a house.他们正在存钱买房。
keep也有“保存”的意思,与store比较,它并不强调特定的地点和场所,是由“保留”的意思引申而来的。如:
I have kept the old letters all the time.我一直把这些旧信保存了下来。
Will you keep the papers for me?你能为我保存这些论文吗?
keep off
短语动词。意为“远离”、“制止”、“使避开”、“不让接近”。如:
A board stands by the house on which were written “keep off”.
At night they made a fire to keep wild animals off.
keep one’s word
该动宾词组意为“守信”,“遵守诺言”。词组里word不能用复数形式words.同义词组为“keep a promise”,反义词组为“break one’s word”。如:
Once you promise someone to do something,you should keep your word.
keep sb.healthy使……保持健康
keep,n.“使维持(某种状态)”后可接adj.(ving,p.p,adv.)等作宾补。
①I was so tired that I could hardly keep myself awake.
②I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
③Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
④They kept us out.
⑤Once a cold kept him in bed for three days.
keep up
该短语动词有以下现象,分述如下:
①keep sth.up使不低落,遵守
如:Even if we fail we should keep up our spirits.
②keep sb.up使晚睡
如:It’s wrong to keep the children up so late.
③keep up with sb.赶上,不落后,保持联系
如:I still keep up with my college classmates far away.
我仍与远方的大学同学保持着联系。
Knee
go down on one’s knees 双膝跪地
go down on one knee单膝跪地
如:①The son went down on his knees, begging his father for
mercy.
②Some football players celebrate their“goal”by going down
on one knee.
knock into
该短语意为“把……敲人” ,也可意译为“撞着某人/某物”如:
①The wall is so hard I can’t knock nails into it.
②He was reading while he eas walking and knocked into a tree.
lack
lack可用作及物或不及物动词,还可用作不可数名词,有“缺乏,缺少”之意。如:
lack money/courage缺钱/ 缺少勇气;lack(in) experience/ courage缺少经验/勇气;have no lack of...不缺乏;for lack of…因为缺乏。对比:
He is lacking in courage./He lacks courage.他缺少勇气。
The plants died for lack of water. 因为缺水植物枯死了。
[应用]完成句子
①她经验不足,无法获得这项工作。
She________ ______ ______to get the job.
②他们不缺钱,而缺技术工作。
They______ ______ _______ of money but_______skilled workers.
Key: ①lacked,the,experience ②have,no,lack,lack
lately; recently
两者均可表示“近来、最近”,但用法不同。
recently 是书面语,常被quite,just,but, very,only等词所修饰,以加强语气。主要用于肯定句中。如:
He’s only recently begun billogy. 他只是最近才开始学生物。
I didn’t know it until quite recently.我一直到最近才知道。
Lately常用于口语,指与现在有联系的一段时间,常见于否定句或疑问句中。如:
I haven’t seen him lately.我近来没有看到他。
lay the table, lay breakfast
两个动词短语均可作“摆好桌子”解,但各自的确切含意不同:lay the table单纯指“摆桌子(准备吃饭)”,可用于早、中、晚三餐的任何一餐的场合,如:
I only laid the table.我只是摆好了餐桌(准备吃饭)。而“lay breakfast”则很明确地表示“摆桌子(吃早餐)”。如:
I have laid lunch.我已经摆好午餐的桌子了。
He has laid supper.他已把晚餐的桌子摆好了。
leave sth. to sb.(在死后)将……留给某人;请某人负责某事
His aunt left all her property to him after her death. 他姑姑死后将所有财产都留给他了。
I’ll leave it to you to buy the tickets.我委托你负责买票。
lend to 引导;引起,造成,导致。
①Labour leads to happiness.劳动使人幸福。
②Where does this road lead to?这条路通向哪里?
① His carelessness led to his failre.他的粗心导致失败。
② Too much work or too little rest often leads to illness.过度工作或很少休息经常导致疾病。
③ Difference of opinion led to a heated argument.意见分歧导致了激烈的争论。
lecture, speech, talk, repot
lecture多指学术方面的“演讲,报告”;而speech指在公众面前做的经过准备的较正式的“演说,发言”;talk是一般性的“讲话,谈话”,report指正式的“报告,报道,汇报”。
[应用]英译汉
①give a lecture ②attend a lecture
③make a speech ④give a talk
⑤receive a report ⑥make a report
⑦send in a report ⑧a school report
key:①作演讲 ②出席演讲会 ③发表演说 ④发表讲话 ⑤收到报告⑥作报告 ⑦呈交报告 ⑧成绩报告单
lie—lied—lied—lying
lie—lay—lain—lying
lay—laid—laid—laying
分析:(1)lie—lied—lied—lying意思是“说谎”。
例:I have never lied in my life.
Obviously he was lying.
(2)lie—lay—lain—lying意思是:“躺、平放、卧”“位于”。
例:The children lay on the grass, looking at the beautiful sky.
The look is lying on the desk.
(3)lay—laid—laid—laying
意思是“放置”“产(卵)”“下(蛋)”,lay是原形动词。
例:She laid the baby gently down on the bed.
The hen laid an egg yesterday.
注意:①lying既是“说谎”的现在分词,又是“躺、位于”的现在分词。
②lay既是“放置、产卵”“下蛋”的原形动词,又是“躺、位于”的过去式。
lie in
短语动词lie in 意为“在于”。如:
The way out lies in the development of education.
like 用法小结
(1)like 用做动词(及物)通常表示一般的“喜欢”,为口语用词,词意没有love感情强烈,反义词为hate。
①like + n.(pron.)
Does Li Ming like bananas?李明喜欢吃香蕉吗?
Do you like it?你喜欢它吗?
②like + v.-ing(动名词)
Do you like working in China?你喜欢在中国工作吗?
③like + to + v.(不定式)
I like to keep busy.我喜欢生活得紧张。
④would like(=would love)后接名词、代词或不定式,多用于有礼貌地提出要求,意为“想要、愿意”。
Would you like something to drink?你想喝点什么吗?
I’d like two sweaters for my daughter.我要给我女儿买两件运动衫。
Would you like to come?你愿意来吗?
⑤How do you like...?(=What do you think of...?)此句型用于询问对方对某人(物)的看法,意为“你觉得 ……怎么样?”
How do you like China?你觉得中国怎么样?
(2)like 用做介词,意为“像……一样”,反义词为unlike。
①like 后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
Don’t throw it like that .别那样扔它。
They’re round,like the moon.它们是圆的,像月亮一样。
Walking on the moon is just like flying .在月球上行走就像飞一样。
②look like意为“看起来像……一样”。
It looks like a chicken.它看起来像一只鸡。
③feel like+v-ing意为“想……”。
I had a little,but I don’t feel like eating.我吃了一点,可我不想吃。
④What’s the weather like...?(=How’s the weather like...?)此句型用来询问天气情况,意为“……天气怎么样?”。
What’s the weather like in Australia now?现在澳大利亚天气情况怎么样?
It’s (just)like sb. to do sth.
该句意思是“某人(恰恰)就是……这个样子”,表示赞扬或不满;若用否定式,则表示怀疑。如:
It is just like her to think of others before thinking of herself.
like crazy
这是一个固定词组,口语用语,意为“疯狂地”,“拼命地”。如:
In order to finish his work on time, he worked like crazy.
crazy是个形容词,意为“狂热的”,“醉心的”,与about连用。如:
Most youths are crazy about famous stars.
live by it赖……为生;以……为生(Δ不可用于被动语态)
Live by(one’s)pen 以笔耕为生
live out 活着,熬过
live through(it)活过,度过……而不死 (Δ不可用于被动语态)
The patient will not live through the night.
l ive…life过着……生活
live a hard life过着艰苦的生活
live a happy life 过着愉快的生活
live a quiet life过着安静的生活
live a miserable life过着悲惨的生活
Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。
The working people are living a happy life now.劳动人民过着幸福的生活。
由look构成的短语:
look back upon/on回顾,回想过去
I like to look back upon my high-school days. 我喜欢回忆我高中时的岁月。
Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look back upon these days. 或许将来有一天回忆起这些日子很令人愉快。
look as if /as though看起来好像
look around环视四周
look after照顾;照看 look out当心
look behind回头看 look through浏览
look down向下看 look up 向上看;查寻
look into调查;研究
look at,stare at,glance at
look at指把眼睛转向目标,译成“看,看着”;stare at 表示由于吃惊、害怕或深思而张大眼睛看,译成“盯着,注视,凝视”,glance at指“匆匆一看,一瞥”。对比:
She stared at the footprint,full of fear.
她两眼盯着脚印,满心恐惧。
I’d like to look at your photo.
我想看看你的照片。
The middle-aged woman glanced at her watch and hurried off.
那位中年妇女匆匆看了一下表就离开了。
注意搭配:stare straight at 直直地盯着;stare into space凝视着空中;stare sb.in the face 盯着某人的脸看;stare sb.up and down.上下打量某人;glance over(through)a letter匆匆阅读一封信;glance round a room匆匆环视房间;at a glance 一看就……;give/take a glance at 对……匆匆一看。
[应用]完成句子
①她凝视远方,在思考着
She was ________ ________the distance,thinking.
②她羞涩地从她的扇子后面看了他一眼。
She ______shyly______him form behind her fan.
Key:①staring,into ②glanced,at
look forward to sth.(doing sth.)渴望、企盼……
①They are looking forward to getting news of him.
他们渴望听到有关他的消息。
②We should look forward,and don’t give up.
我们应该向前看(乐观一些)不能放弃。
lose one’s sight(way; life; work;reason)分别表示:失明;迷路;牺牲;失业;失去理智等。如:
His son lost his life in the fighting.他儿子在战斗中牺牲了。
Love
be in love with sb.
该短语意为“爱上某人”,其中的be可用fall替换,即fall in love with sb.也意为“爱上某人”。如:
Henry was/fell in love with Mary.
make love to sb .向某人示爱
make a promise
该动词短语意为“允诺”,其中的promise为名词,与它搭配的词组还有keep one’s promise(守信)等。如:
He’s always making promises and then breaking them.
Promise 也可是动词(vt.& vi.)意为“允诺”,“答应”。
所用动词句型为:
promise to do sth(不定式作宾语)
promise sb. to do sth.(后接双宾语)
promise (sb)that – clause
(that-clause为宾语从句)
如:①He promises me to buy a bike for my birthday gift.
②He promises me that he will buy a bike for my birthday gift.
make……do sth.使……做某事。做补语的不定式不带to,但在被动语态中则带to,即:be made to do sth.
The landlord made him work 12 hours a day.地主让他一天干12个小时的活。
被动式:He was made to work 12 hours a day(by the landlord).
与make意义相近的词还有let/have/get,但get的使用结构为:get…to do sth.
How can we get the trees to grow quicker?我们怎么能让树长快点呢?
make fun of取笑;嘲笑。
①It’s wrong to make fun of the blind.取笑盲人是不对的。
②It’s bad manners to make fun of a person who is in trouble.拿困境中的人开玩笑是不礼貌的。
make sure 弄肯定,设法做到,确保,安排妥,务必,后接宾语从句。如:
He made sure that he had enough food for the journey.他设法为旅行备足了食物。Make sure(that)you pick the child up at five.
Please make sure the house is locked.务必确保房门已锁上。
make sure 后还可接of或about ,指“弄清,搞明”如:
Have you made sure of the time of the train?你搞清楚火车的时间了吗?
We’ve made sure of our seats for the movie.
比较:be sure of sth. /be sure that……确信……
be sure to do sth .一定……,必然……
be sure of doing sth.对做某事有把握 如:
I’m sure of his success. = I’m sure that he’ll succeed.我确信他会成功。
He is sure to succeed .他一定会成功的。(说话人的判断)
He is sure of succeeding in the exam.他对考试成功是有把握的。
注意:It’s certain that he’ll win.此时不能用It’s sure that ……
make…to one’s own measure“依照某人的尺寸做……”如:
This coat is made to you own measure,I’m sure it will fit you nicely.这件大衣是你订做的,我想肯定很合身。
to当介词用,“依照、按照”如:
She is dancing to the music.她在随音乐节拍跳舞。
make up 编(造);构成;化妆make up 组成,构成。还有“化妆、打扮;编造(故事等),弥补” 之意The government is made up of ten members.
She made up a story to avoid being examined.
It’s a lie. He made up the story.这是谎言,都是他编造出来的。
Ten doctors made up a medical team.十名医生组成了一支医疗队。
Although she doesn’t make up, she looks beautiful.尽管不化妆,她依然美丽。
make use of
该短语动词意为“利用”,其中use 前可被good,the best, much,little no修饰。如:
You must make good use of any opportunities you have of practi-
sing English.
以 use为核心,组成的词组有:
in use 在使用中;out of use(目前)不使用
come into use 开始被使用;go out of use 不再使用。
manage vt.经营;设法;对付
①manage n. ②manage to do ③manage without |
She managed the house very well.她把家管理得很好。
We managed to finish the work ahead of time.
我们设法提前完成了任务。
I shan’t be able to manage without help.
没有人帮助,我无法办到。
[辨析] manage to do sth. /try to do sth.
manage to do sth.强调已达到目的或出现了结果,含“成功”之意。try to do sth.意为“试图或尽力做某事”,多表示一种企图或决心,而不表示一定成功。如:
we’ve managed to make up for the lost time.
我们设法把失去的时间补了回来。
He tried to pass the examination,but failed.
他努力想通过考试,但没成功。
manage to do/try to do
manage to do sth. 意为“设法完成或做到某事”,含有成功之意。
He managed to organize a live concert. = He succeeded in organizing a live concert.
他设法组织了一次现场直播的音乐会。
try to do sth.意为“试图做,尽力做某事”,是否成功,并不肯定。
He tried to work it out, but he failed.他努力想把它算出来,但没成功。
marry
①marry adv. ②marry sb. ③be/get married ④be/get married to ⑤marry A to B |
She married very early/well.她结婚很早/她嫁得很好。
Jane iis going to marry John.简就要嫁给约翰了。
—Is she married?她结婚了吗?
—Yes, she has been married for five years.是的,她已经结婚五年了。
She was married to a doctor.她和一个医生结了婚。
He married his son to a rich lady.他为独生子娶了个有钱的女子。
masses of…
该词组意为“大量的”,与lots of 相同,后接可数名词或不可数名词。如:They saved masses of money by improving technology.
a mass of…意为“一大堆……”,“一大片……”。
“情态动词may/might +完成时”的结构,有以下用法:
①may/might + have + 过去分词表示推测过去某动作“可能”发生了。如:
I can’t find my sunglasses, I may/might have left them at the
restaurant yesterday.
一般来说,may和might两者意思上没什么区别,只是may比might表示的可能性大些。如:
He may have heard of it from Jack.
He might have heard of it from Jack.
在下列情况下,may和might 用法有区别:
句子的主要动词是现在时,间接引语中用may/might;
句子的主要动词是过去时,间接引语中只用might.如:
He says that she may/might have misunderstood him.
He said that she might have misunderstood him.
②might + have + 过去分词,表示对本来可能发生而实际并未发生的动作的感叹或遗憾含有“责备”、“抱怨”之意,而may + 完成时无此含义。如:
You might have told us earlier.
This medicine might have cured your cough
mean to do sth.
该结构意为“有意要干某事”。如:
I’m very sorry if I hurt your feelings in fact.I didn’t mean to.
mend ; repair
repair指将受损、故障、用旧之物修理好,如用于修补机械方面的东西多用repair。如:
Ask him to repair my watch/TV set.请他给我修一下手表/电视机。
The garage charged forty dollars to repair the car. 修车行修理这辆车收了四十美元。
repair还可作“弥补、补偿”讲。如:
How can I repair the damage I have caused?我怎样才能弥补我造成的损失?
I’d like to repair our differences .我想我们应该重归于好。
mend指将打破、撕碎或用坏之物修补完整,“缝补衣服”多用mend。如:
His clothes need mending.他的衣服该补了。
She mended the broken jar with cement. 她用水泥把破碎的缸补好了。
mend 还可意为“改正、纠正、治愈、使恢复健康”等。如:
The prisoner is mending his way.囚犯在改过自新。
It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢,犹未为晚。
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