引用格式
张颖,集铄媛,谷国强.冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞正向介入治疗技术进展[J].心血管病学进展,2023,44(2):122-126.
冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(coronary chronic total occlusion,CTO)定义为持续3个月以上的冠状动脉闭塞,前向腔内血流缺失,即心肌梗死溶栓'’治'’疗'’临床试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction clinical trial, TIMI)危险指数0级。由于闭塞时间不易明确,CTO被进一步分类为闭塞时间确定的“明确的CTO病变”和时间不明但具有CTO结构特征的“可能的CTO病变”[1]。与非CTO病变相比,CTO病变更为复杂、成功率更低,并发症发生率、患者死亡率更高。自20世纪70年代末首次实施CTO的经皮介入治疗以来,该技术取得了显著进展。随着技术的不断更新,CTO病变的专用器械改进,各个国家和组织间经验的交流和积累,流程路径的规范化,手术成功率达到80%~90%,安全性、可重复性提高,并发症发生率降低[2]。一系列随机对照研究和前瞻性队列研究为CTO介入治疗的益处和风险提供了循证医学证据[1],促进CTO介入治疗的科学化决策[3]。
CTO病变介入路径可分为正向及逆向介入治疗两大类,依据病变血管的解剖学特点选择适用的闭塞开通路径。正向介入路径包括正向导丝升级(antegrade wire escalation,AWE)技术、平行导丝技术、正向夹层再入真腔(antegrade dissection reentry,ADR)和前向开通再入真腔(antegrade fenestration and reentry,AFR)技术。本文介绍了各类正向介入治疗技术的临床应用及策略选择。其中,ADR和AFR技术以“血管结构”理念为基础,将斑块外、外膜内的内膜下空间视为血管的一部分,拓展了介入治疗的导丝通过闭塞病变的路径。
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ADR技术与器械的不断改进使得ADR的成功率、安全性不断提高。在98例ADR失败的患者的CTO再通术中,与不应用ADR技术患者相比,应用CrossBoss/Stingray器械可提高手术成功率,减少手术时间、对比剂用量和降低12个月内的MACE发生率[20]。在458例ADR患者中,53.7%的患者使用了CrossBoss导管,与仅使用导丝的ADR技术相比,应用Crossboss缩短操作时间、提高技术成功率[19]。在233例患者中比较STAR、LAST和基于CrossBoss/Stingray的ADR技术,各组间基线特征相似,STAR组成功率为59%,低于LAST组(96%)和CrossBoss/Stingray组(89%)的成功率[21]。包含了5项临床研究的meta分析[22]再次证明应用CrossBoss/Stingray技术患者预后优于早期的STAR和LAST技术,具有较低的再狭窄和靶血管血运重建发生率。在1项补救性ADR技术开通CTO病变的研究[23]中,45例患者应用Corsair微导管辅助Stingray球囊的ADR技术,其中40例(88.9%)成功开通,2例出现围术期非ST段抬高心肌梗死,1例出现边支闭塞行再次血运重建,住院期间MACE发生率为6.7%,随访17个月后,MACE发生率为17.4%。该研究证实了Corsair微导管辅助Stingray球囊的ADR技术具有较高的成功率和安全性。
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远端血管质量是决定介入策略的重要因素,评价指标包括闭塞段远端血管有无严重弥漫性病变和着陆区是否累及较大分支。26.4%~30.0%的CTO病变为分叉病变,其中52%病变远端为分叉病变。当闭塞节段远端有较大分支血管,尤其是当分支靠近闭塞节段(<2 mm),由于组织结构的影响,正向导丝推进困难,甚至可导致分支顶端受损和边支丢失。闭塞节段内有钙化或纤维斑块,闭塞近端和远端呈h或倒h形,导丝将难以通过到达着陆区,导丝易通过相对薄弱点进入侧支,增加手术时间和X线暴露量,冠状动脉夹层、假腔扩张、侧支丢失或心脏压塞风险增加[34]。上述情况均建议启动逆向治疗。
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收稿日期:2022-11-03
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