特约教师：张根生
张根生，河南省新密市实验高级中学教师，中学高级教师。中国教师研修网学科指导专家；河南省骨干教师、河南省名师、河南省高中学业水平考试阅卷指导专家；郑州市优秀教师、郑州市教育工作者标兵、郑州市专业技术拔尖人才；新密市领军人才、新密市教育名家。
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一、近十年高考英语短文改错题谓语动词考点分类汇总
1
该用一般现在时，误用成一般过去时
1. (2019全国卷III) Now my dream is to open a cafe. Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts.
答案与解析：required→ requires。考查动词时态，根据上下文语境可知，短文主体时态为一般现在时，主语it是第三人称单数，故用动词的一般现在时第三人称单数形式。
2. (2017全国卷II)Besides, they often get some useful information from the Internet. When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables.
答案与解析：came→ comes。考查动词时态，根据上下文语境可知，短文主体时态为一般现在时，主summer是第三人称单数，故用动词的一般现在时第三人称单数形式。
3. (2016全国卷Ⅰ)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside.
答案与解析：had→ have。考查动词时态，根据上下文语境可知，短文主体时态为一般现在时，主语people是第三人称复数，故谓语用动词原形。
4. (2016全国卷 Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot.
答案与解析：thought→ think。考查动词时态，根据上下文语境可知，短文主体时态为一般现在时，主语people是第三人称复数，故谓语用动词原形。
5. (2014全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school starts at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. There are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so much homework.
答案与解析：didn’t→ don’t。考查动词时态，根据上下文语境可知，短文主体时态为一般现在时，主语是we，故谓语的否定形式是don’t need。
6. (2012全国卷Ⅱ)We, as well as animals, cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it. Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less.
答案与解析：seemed→ seems。考查动词时态，根据上下文语境可知，短文主体时态为一般现在时，主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数seems。
2
该用一般过去时，误用成一般现在时
1. (2019全国卷II)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
答案与解析：is→ was。考查动词时态。这里叙述的是过去的事情，根据前面句子和后面表语从句的时态可知，这里应该用一般过去时。
2. (2018全国卷I) During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.
答案与解析：find→ found。考查动词时态，由前面句子的时间状语和谓语动词的时态可知，这是叙述去年冬天发生的事，故用一般过去时。
3. (2018全国卷II) I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
答案与解析：are→ were。考查动词时态，根据前面主句谓语动词didn’t realize和后面时间状语从句中谓语动词entered可知，这里要用一般过去时。
4. (2017年全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank. I forgot what he had said to me altogether.
答案与解析：goes→ went。考查动词时态，根据上下文可知这里叙述的是过去的事情，应该用一般过去时。
5. (2017全国卷III)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.
答案与解析：become→ became。考查动词时态，短文叙述过去发生的事情，前面的并列谓语是entered，故这里用动词的过去式。
6. (2016全国卷 Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. However, my parents didn’t seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it. 答案与解析：tell→ told。考查动词时态，根据上文可知这里讲的是起初父母总是告诉我该干什么，怎么干，故用一般过去时。
7. (2015全国卷Ⅰ)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. 答案与解析：think→ thought。考查动词时态，根据上文可知，这里指我小的时候觉得我在那里会幸福，故用一般过去时。
8. (2013全国卷Ⅰ)I was only four when she passes away.
答案与解析：passes→ passed。考查动词时态，根据句意“她去世时，我只有四岁”可知，指的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时。
9. (2013全国卷Ⅱ)This custom soon becomes another meal of the day.
答案与解析：becomes→ became。考查动词时态，根据句意“这种习惯不久变成了一天中的另一顿饭。”可知，指的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时。
10. (2011全国卷Ⅰ)When I finally arrived my friend’s he lent me lots of clothes. I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.
答案与解析：feel→ felt。考查动词时态，根据句意“当我最终到朋友家时，他借给我很多衣服。我很高兴，我终于可以换衣服了。”可知，指的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时。
11. (2011全国卷Ⅱ)However, my father had to return to work on Monday so we fly back last Saturday afternoon.
答案与解析：fly→ flew。考查动词时态，分析上下文语境可知，这里指的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时，fly的过去式是flew。
12. (2010全国卷Ⅱ)At that time, we often spend time together.
答案与解析spend→ spent。考查动词时态，根据句首的时间状语at that time可知，谓语动词要用一般过去时，故把spend改为spent。
3
该现在完成（进行）时，误用成过去完成（进行）时
1. (2017全国卷III)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.
答案与解析：had→ have。考查动词时态，根据句尾的时间状语in the past few years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语是I，故用have+过去分词。
2. (2014全国卷Ⅰ)Since then, for all these years—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.
答案与解析：had→ have。考查动词时态，根据句尾首的时间状语since then可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，主语是we, 故用have been+现在分词。
4
该用过去完成（进行）时，误用成现在完成（进行）时
1. (2010全国卷Ⅰ)All I had to do was to write a story and present it. My teachers have been telling me how great my writing was.
答案与解析：have→ had。考查动词时态，分析语境可知，应该用过去完成进行时：had been+现在分词。
2. (2010全国卷Ⅱ)She said it was the best gift she has ever had.
答案与解析：has→ had。考查动词时态，根据主句的谓语动词said和was可知，gift后面的定语从句应用过去完成时：had+过去分词。
5
主谓一致方面的错误
1.（2014全国卷Ⅱ）My dream school look like a big garden.
答案与解析：look→ looks。考查主谓一致，文章主体时态是一般现在时，此句表示一般情况，符合文章主体时态，主语为第三人称单数，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式looks。
2. (2011全国卷Ⅰ)Luckily I had all my money in my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on.
答案与解析：was→ were。考查主谓一致，文章主体时态是一般过去时，前面的主语clothes是第三人称复数，因此谓语动词用复数were。
3. (2010全国卷Ⅰ)So if what they said was true, I would have a chance of winning the prize. What were better, I had useful help.
答案与解析：were→ was。考查主谓一致，文章主体时态是一般过去时，前面的主语what是第三人称单数，因此谓语动词用was。
6
动词原形、过去式和过去分词形式的错误
1.（2018全国卷Ⅱ） As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not to let me.
答案与解析：去掉let前面的to。考查情态动词后的动词形式，情态动词would后跟动词原形。
2. (2018全国卷III) It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.
答案与解析：begin→ begun。考查过去完成时谓语动词的构成，前面的并列分句谓语动词was是过去式，再根据句意“这是星期一上午，写作课刚刚开始”可知，这里应该是过去完成时，形式是had+过去分词，而此处begin是动词原形，故把begin改为begun。
3. (2017全国卷III)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.
答案与解析：took→taken。考查一般过去时被动语态的形式，根据句意“这张照片被拍摄一个月后”可知，这里是一般过去时的被动语态，形式是was+过去分词“，而took是take的过去式，故把took改为taken。
4. (2016全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.
答案与解析：using→used。考查一般现在时被动语态的构成形式，根据句意“每天他都要确保新鲜的蔬菜和高品质的油被用来做饭”可知，应该用被动语态，be used for “被用于”。
5.(2016全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.
答案与解析：chose→choose。考查情态动词后的动词形式，情态动词can后要跟动词原形。
6.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment.
答案与解析：found→find。考查情态动词后的动词形式，情态动词must后要跟动词原形。
7.(2015全国卷 Ⅱ)Tony was scared and begun to cry.
答案与解析：begun→ began。考查一般过去时的动词形式，根据句意 这里叙述过去发生的事，前面的并列谓语was scared是系表结构，时态是一般过去时，所以要用begin的过去式began，而begun是过去分词形式，是不会单独作谓语的。
8. (2014全国卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music.
答案与解析：sat→sit。考查情态动词后的动词形式，情态动词can后跟两个并列的谓语动词短语，中间用or相连，故要跟动词原形。
9. (2013全国卷Ⅰ)Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.
答案与解析：drank→drunk。考查一般过去时被动语态的形式，根据句意“传统上，中国茶是用无把手的杯子来喝的”可知，这里是一般过去时的被动语态，形式是was+过去分词，而drank是drink的过去式，其过去分词形式是dunk，故把drank改为drunk。
7
误用成其它动词
1. (2012全国卷Ⅰ) I was happy when the toys worked, but when things did wrong, I got angry and broke them.
答案与解析：did→went。考查动词的固定搭配，go wrong发生故障，出毛病。当然也可以在did后面加go。
8
情态动词的误用
1. (2012全国卷Ⅰ)Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last.
答案与解析：must→could。考查情态动词，根据句意“同时，我弄明白了，有了更多的耐心，我就能够使玩具玩的久”和主句的谓语动词found可知，宾语从句中应该把must（必须）改为can（能够）的过去式could。
二、近十年高考短文改错题谓语动词考点考情分析
1. 前几年考题涉及到过去完成进行时和现在完成进行时等较难的语法项目，近几年考查的都是最基本的语法项目。
2. 近几年对谓语动词的考查集中在一般现在时和一般过去时的主动语态，主要是这两种时态之间的误用，考生只要关注短文的主体时态，就会发现错误，从而准确纠错。
3. 考生还要弄清现在完成时和过去完成时的区别，现在完成时表达的是截止到现在的动作或状态，而过去完成时表示的是截止到过去一个特定时间的动作或状态。
4. 此外，不同时态和语态中要用到动词的不同形式，也是短文改错考查重点之一，考生还要牢记动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式和过去分词的拼写形式，特别是不规则变化。
5. 当然，主谓一致方面的常识和常见的情态动词的意义也要熟知。只有准备充分，才能轻松应考。
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