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危重病医学笔记(二)

危重病医学笔记(二)——危重病医学基本概念 

写在前面的话:

从《我对医学的认识》开始,博客将增加职业内容,对象首先是ICU团队和其他对危重病医学感兴趣的青年医师和护士。对儿子,希望不要误导他误入歧途,长大后成为ICU医师。一半玩笑一半认真。 

作为一个算是“入了行”的ICU医师,我尽量和大家分享我个人和国内外未脱离临床的ICU专家(例如对我帮助良多的DrLooshi)的经验、经典知识和最新进展,不限于教科书的简单复制。希望概念和知识尽可能“准确、规范”,并传达“新知和趋势”,力求真正对临床一线青年医师有益。

 

一、我们的服务对象:危重病人的定义,由定义推出和普通专科完全不同的管理思路

所谓危重患者即为在原有(或没有)基础病的前提下,由于某一或某些急性原因造成危及生命或器官功能的短暂或较长期的紧急病理生理障碍,需要进行紧急和持续有效的气道管理、呼吸支持、循环支持、脑神经系统功能支持以及维持水电解质和酸碱平衡的患者。

这个定义有四层含义:

1、危重病人的病因:

可以有也可以没有基础病,但是一定有一个或多个引起重要生理系统受到破坏的急性病因。这个急性病因可以是内科原因(例如急性心肌梗塞)也可以是外科原因(例如重型颅脑损伤)。特别将“创伤”独立作为病因,在于急救领域创伤急救有其独特的规律性。 

2、危重患者危重的原因:

危重患者之所以危重,是由于各种病因可能引起了“五个重要生理系统”的破坏,不干预将引起残疾或死亡。不论病因是什么,明确指出危及生命的紧急生理系统的异常在以下五个方面

——

A:气道;

B:呼吸系统;

C:循环系统;

D:脑部,中枢神经系统;

E:内环境(电解质、酸碱平衡、血糖)。

有利于接诊医师思维明确,接诊危重患者后首先评估上诉5个方面,对其进行程序性地检查、诊断和治疗,把抢救和维持患者生命作为首要任务,为后续复杂的诊治手段创造机会。 

3、危重患者诊断和治疗二者间的关系:

和普通专科临床管理思路不同,普通专科是通过问诊、查体、辅助检查、上级医师会诊,做出相对准确的诊断再开始治疗。危重患者的诊断和治疗不是两个独立的步骤,并且没有先后顺序,而是同时进行,并不断修正的。接诊后在明确维护上述五个方面的生理失常的同时,进行采集病史、辅助检查等诊断过程。尤其重要的是在治疗过程中不断取得资料并根据治疗后获得的各种信息反馈,调整诊断和治疗。早期的确诊不是必须的。 

4、强调动态评估的重要意义:

对紧要生理系统的支持不是一维的或者一次性的,而是循环往复持续不断的,一定要有“评估——治疗——再评估——调整治疗”的临床思路。 

二、危重病人临床路径:有助于厘清ICU在整个危重病救治体系中的角色和定位,并引入站点的概念,强调站点建设和转运安全

临床路径说明ICU是危重病人救治的中心主站,不同的站点根据危重病人需要配备不同的设施、设备、相应的工作流程和掌握相应知识好技巧的医护人员。而所有的线条是危重病人处于转运过程中,无益的转运和不当的转运造成医疗资源浪费、造成危重患者第二次伤害,导致医疗纠纷。 

院内第一站点急诊部的重点是标准化的抢救室按照急救队的模式工作:设备相对固定,在班人员能够迅速按照急救队的模式进行急救,每一个队员都认清自己的职务与责任,增进合作,减少冲突。

一个抢救室和急救队模式:

如何实现安全转运,需要考虑三方面问题,并流程化处理。

1、病人:转运途中有条件对其进行持续生命支持;并针对不同病人个体化地评估转运途中可能出现问题;
2、医务人员:要有安全转运的观念,要有过硬的急救能力,准确评估转运可能出现的问题并有相应应急预案;
3、硬件设施及仪器药物准备:根据医院建筑科室布局规划转运路线、监护仪、除颤仪及球囊面罩、氧源、必备的镇静和急救药物。
一个转运流程

 

三、危重病人治疗思路:目标导向性的管理思路。

优秀的专科医师按照病理生理原理来管理病人,ICU由于持续有监测和检测手段,能够24小时实时获得病员的各种参数,因此他的的治疗思路就应该在此基础上更进一步——那就是采用各种治疗手段使患者的各项指标达到某些目标值,而且根据这些目标值来评估医疗效果和调整治疗方案。

目标导向性治疗的含义:

1、医疗行为是程序性的。
2、医疗行为有可监测可评估的目标值,所有行为指向这些目标值。

举例:严重脑创伤初期和后期急救目标和程序

初期急救目标

为达此目标的程序

后期治疗全身多系统目标和程序。

请注意以下几点:呼吸治疗的目标值和初期比较有调整,不主张长期过度通气;血色素目标值也不是限制性输血目标值,是因为需要提高红细胞携氧能力给损伤脑组织供氧;不能不顾脑灌注压孤立谈降颅内压。

按照这样的思路,以公认的国际指南为依托,其他危重症,例如SEPSIS\SAP也有相应的目标和程序。以后的博文会和各位分享细节。 

四、ICU生存和发展的四大支柱

五、ICU的六大技术
呼吸支持技术
循环支持技术
心肺脑复苏术
感染控制技术
血液净化技术
营养支持技术

呼吸支持是历史最为悠久和技术相对成熟的技术,新的理论和技术不多。营养支持和感染控制主要是理论和观念的进展,需要动手能力的不多。心肺脑复苏主要在于充分氧供和减少耗氧,内环境维持和器官功能支持。要点有麻醉甚至肌松控制抽搐,冬眠和随着监护仪水和护理水平跟上后的巴比妥昏迷等。能否复苏取决于原发缺氧时间长短以及继发缺氧是否控制,医生能做的其实不多。而PICCO和CEBP,是理论、技术和动手能力相结合的技术,有很好的发展前景。开展这两项技术能够综合促进多学科的发展,例如体外循环心脏术后病人的管理,最重要的就是循环支持和液体管理。体外循环术后低心排、低血钾、水负荷以及毛细血管渗漏是最主要并发症,甚至危及生命,因此术后管理可能比手术本身还要困难。PICCO能够让我们判断低心排是出在容量、心肌收缩力还是外周血管阻力上,从而指导临床决策。而水负荷简单的CEBP超滤就可解决,至于我们所遭遇的几例毛细血管渗漏综合征你们也清楚地看到了,没有CEBP技术,单凭内科药物治疗难以协调各种矛盾,临床案例表明内科理论上的进展也就到此了,而CEBP对解决这类问题让我们多了一种有效手段。其他学科的危重病人,例如ARDS(主要问题是CLS),对SAP(主要问题是CLS后低血容量,和剧烈的SIRS),PICCO和CEBP都有决定性的优势,因此开展这两个技术并且把它们开展好是ICU将来迫切的任务,也是青年医师个人素质和能力提高的机会。

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membraneoxygenation,ECMO),有可能在未来5-10年逐步在ICU得到推广应用。

 

六、ICU组织和管理模式

组织模式:专科?——综合?

管理模式:开放?——半开放?

 

七、危重病人管理体系的概念:

危重病人的管理无论从模式还是流程都是一个系统工程,最终的目标是做到From Pre-Hospital toICU的无缝连接,建立“危重病人综合救治体系”。

附录:一封私人电邮

2001年一名国外ICU专家给我的电邮,非正规地讨论system for treating the criticallyill建设问题,至今看来仍有借鉴,其间也谈到了作为ICU医师自身的身体和智力也是需要有意识维护的资源,现在经过”创建一个科室的苦难”,并且人到中年,开始意识到这个问题的重要性。因此我更有必要将更多的知识和经验和青年医师分享,争取尽可能早地做“跷脚老板”不要事事亲力亲为。

 

Dear Lee,

I spent 45 mins atShuangliu Airport's Internet Bar typing a reply in Chinese to you,but it apparently crashed. I will write this one in English thistime. Sorry for such a late reply, I did not open this mail till Ireached Shuangliu airport.

 

I am very gladthat your patient did so well. The greatest credit surely must goto you. Thanks also for letting me know that the information onnoradrenaline that I brought to Chengdu was helpful in thiscase.

 

As for yoursentiments towards the lack of a system for treating the criticallyill in your hospital, these are my comments:

1. I canunderstand your strong reaction towards the lack of a system --bothfrom an objective standpoint and from my understanding of yourpersonality and character. I think you have a good concern, but mayI strongly suggest that you tailor your reaction and subsequentactions in an appropriate manner in relation to the entireenvironment that you are in.

 

2. It is not yourfault that the system is not there.

 

3. You perhapsalso should not try to pinpoint who may be at fault for the lack ofthis system. I can imagine that the lack of such a system, or theimperfect status of such a system (if present) may be due to acombination of the following factors:

a. This may be arelatively new concept to the entire medical community in yourhospital (especially if your assessment is that most of thephysicians are of the oldergeneration)   

b. Even if theconcept is in the mind, putting it into practice takes more thanjust understanding a concept.

c. Physicians maynot be well versed with diagnosing and managing critically illpatients. They may not recognize a problem that may develop into acritical state for the patient and therefore treat it earlyenough.

 

4. Even if asystem needs to be developed, it takes a lot of work and time (evenyears), because this involves many departments, personalities, anddisciplines. What is needed would be

a.Conceptualization and communicating this to relevantpeople

b. Planning of thesystem

c. Gatheringsupport of key players

d. Initialeducation of different levels of staff

e. Putting inplace all the logistics and procedures

f. Re-education ofstaff, repeated education of new staff

g. continuedimprovement, management, fault correction, monitoring of thesystem

 

5. This systemcannot be done by just one person. It needs cooperation and mutualunderstanding amongst many people.

 

6. Do not bedisappointed or discouraged even if this system does not becomeperfect. We have a system in our hospital for years, but it isstill not perfect. Problems still arise from:

a. imperfectionand loopholes in the procedures

b. inadequacy ofstaff (especially junior staff - due to lack of training andexperience) in recognizing patients that may potentially becomecritically ill, or the seriousness of these situations

c. staff notfamiliar with the system

Systems need yearsto build and constant refinement. They may never become perfect assystems that depend on human management will never becomeperfect.

 

7. Having teachingsessions that involve many departments may be a helpful thing inthe long term. Present case history of critically patients inregular teaching sessions involving other departments. In ourhospital, we have a repeated Basic Introductory Course in IntensiveCare Medicine for all rotating new doctors -- essentially to givethem the concepts and basic skills for handling critically illpatients in the early period before the seniro doctor comes. WEalso have weekly ICU teaching sessions involving the entireSurgical Division (we are the Surgical ICU).

 

Finally, I wouldlike to remind you of what we have discussedre.resources:

Except for your"Will" , all other things that you have should be managed asresources : your ability to think clearly, your physical, strength,stamina, health. They are classified as resources as they can beexhausted or be totally removed from you if your "will" does notmanage them well. Your thinking ability, strength, stamina, healthare governed by the same physiological principles that govern thoseof your patients. These resources are not limitless, they need tobe refreshed, renewed and nourished. It is not your fault if apatient goes into a critically ill state. But it is your fault ifyour resources are depleted (due to your will's mismanagement)tothe extent of harming your body and therefore further ability tomanage and impart your expertise for the greated good of morepeople.

Believe me, theability to carry on abusing your body to save people will disappearrather quickly, especially when you are now 32. Is your purpose inlife just to burn out your life before 40 so that you can saveevery critically ill patient that lands in your department? It isnot a selfish thing to manage your body well, even if requires youto take off from work at regular intervals.

 

Takecare

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