No amount of alcohol is good for your overall health, global study says
全球性研究显示，任何剂量的酒精都对健康无益
If you're one of the third of all humankind who drinks alcohol, take note: There's no amount of liquor, wine or beer that is safe for your overall health, according to a new analysis of 2016 global alcohol consumption and disease risk.
如果你是世界上那三分之一的喝酒的人，请你记住：任何剂量的酒类，包括葡萄酒和啤酒，都对健康无益，这是根据2016年的一份新的、全球性的酒类消费和疾病风险的分析报告得出的结论。
Alcohol was the leading risk factor for disease and premature death in men and women between the ages of 15 and 49 worldwide in 2016, accounting for nearly one in 10 deaths, according to the study, published Thursdayin the journal The Lancet.
根据星期四发表在《柳叶刀》杂志上的这项研究，在2016年，酒精是世界范围内15岁至49岁男女发病和过早死亡的主要危险因素，占死亡人数的近十分之一。
For all ages, alcohol was associated with 2.8 million deaths that year.
那年，在所有年龄层中，与酒精有关联的死亡人数达280万。
Those deaths include alcohol-related cancer and cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, intentional injury such as violence and self-harm, and traffic accidents and other unintentional injuries such as drowning and fires.
死亡原因包括与酒精相关的癌症和心血管疾病，肺结核等传染病，暴力伤害和自我伤害等故意伤害，以及交通事故和溺水及火灾等非故意伤害。
"The most surprising finding was that even small amounts of alcohol use contribute to health loss globally," said senior study author Emmanuela Gakidou, a professor at the University of Washington's Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. "We're used to hearing that a drink or two a day is fine. But the evidence is the evidence."
“最令人惊讶的发现是，即使少量饮酒也会造成全球性的健康损失，”华盛顿大学健康计量和评价研究所（University of.'s Institute for Health Metrics and.）的高级研究作者Emmanuela Gakidou说：“我们已经听惯了人们说每天喝一两杯没有事。但是摆在眼前的证据却不是这样。”
Not surprisingly due to their populations, China, India and Russia led the world in alcohol-related deaths in men and women. The US ranked fifth among men and seventh among women on that list; the UK ranked 21st for men and ninth for women.
不足为奇的是，中国、印度和俄罗斯由于他们的人口多，在世界上与酒精有关的两性死亡人数领先。美国在男性中排名第五，而在女性中排名第七，英国男性排名第二十一，女性为第九。
"This study is a stark reminder of the real, and potentially lethal, dangers that too much alcohol can have on our health and that even the lowest levels of alcohol intake increase our risks," Helen Stokes-Lampard, chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners in the UK, said in a statement. She was not involved in the study.
英国皇家全科医师学院院长Helen Stokes-Lampard在一份声明中说：“这项研究明确地提醒我们，过量的酒精会对我们的健康造成真正的、潜在的致命的危险，即使最低的酒精摄入量也会增加我们的风险。” 她没有参与这项研究。
However, countered David Spiegelhalter, the Professor for the Public Understanding of Risk at the University of Cambridge, "Given the pleasure presumably associated with moderate drinking, claiming there is no 'safe' level does not seem an argument for abstention.
然而，剑桥大学公众风险理解教授David Spiegelhalter反驳道：“鉴于适度饮酒可能带来的欢愉，只说没有“安全”的剂量似乎并非是人们戒酒的理由。
"There is no safe level of driving, but governments do not recommend that people avoid driving," Spiegelhalter, who also was not involved in the research, said in a statement. "Come to think of it, there is no safe level of living, but nobody would recommend abstention."
“驾车出行也没有一个安全的标准，但政府并不会建议人们不要开车，” Spiegelhalter在一份声明中说，他也没有参与这项研究。“想想看，活着也没有一个安全的标准，但并没有人会建议你不要活着。”
abstention：弃权、节制、回避、避免
'State-of-the-art' study
最先进的研究
The Lancet study, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, used data from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease report, which captured information on premature death and disability from over 300 diseases by sex and age in 195 countries or territories between 1990 and 2016.
这项由比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会资助的《柳叶刀》研究使用了2016年全球疾病负担报告的数据，该报告收集了1990年至2016年间195个国家或地区不同性别和年龄的300多种疾病的过早死亡和残疾信息。
Researchers analyzed the impact of alcohol on 23 health conditions and alcohol-related risks on people between the ages of 15 and approximately 95 for the year 2016.
研究人员分析了2016年酒精对23种健康状况的影响，以及15岁到95岁之间的人群与酒精相关的风险。
Drinking under the age of 15, a growing problem in the US and other countries, was not included.
虽然15岁以下的饮酒在美国和其他一些国家是一个日益严重的问题，但并不包括在这项研究内。
For purposes of the study, a standard alcoholic drink was defined as 10 grams or approximately 12 milliliters of alcohol. That measurement varies around the world; for example, a standard drink is 8 grams in the UK and 14 grams in US. It's even higher in Italy, Portugal and Spain.
为了这项研究的目的，一个酒精饮料的标准被定义为10克或大约12毫升的酒精。这种测量在世界各地都是不同的，例如，标准饮料在英国为8克，美国为14克。在意大利、葡萄牙和西班牙甚至更高。
For the first time, Gakidou said, in an attempt to improve on previous research, the new analysis adjusted for the impact of tourism on local statistics in liquor sales and attempted to control for unrecorded drinking, such as home brewing or illicit trade. Another improvement over past studies, she said, was a new meta-analysis of the effects of alcohol on the 23 health outcomes, which was then used to access risk.
Gakidou说，为了在从前的研究基础上得到改进，新的分析第一次调整了旅游业对当地酒类销售统计数字的影响，并试图对那些未记录下来的饮酒，如家庭酿酒或非法贸易等加以控制。她说，与以往研究相比的另一个改进，是酒精对23项健康结果影响的新型多元化分析，然后将其进行风险评估。
In independent comments published alongside the study, King's College London alcohol researcher Robyn Burton called the study "state-of-the-art."
伦敦国王学院酒精研究员罗宾·伯顿在独立评论中，称这项研究为“最先进的”。
However, the Alcohol Information Partnership, a group comprising eight of the world's biggest liquor companies, said in a statement that "Nothing in this study challenges the array of studies suggesting that choosing to drink moderately is associated with a decreased risk of some health issues and a lower risk of death. We advocate sensible drinking by those who choose to drink and support consistent, evidence-based advice, which enables people to make their own informed choices about alcohol."
然而，由八家世界最大的酒类公司组成的“酒精信息合作联盟”在一份声明中说：“这项研究并没有能够超越从前的一系列研究，这些研究表明选择适度饮酒与降低某些健康问题的风险有关，且有较低的死亡风险。我们向那些选择喝酒的人提倡理性饮酒，并支持一贯的、有依据的建议，这些建议使人们能够对酒精做出自己明智的选择。”
Gakidou said, "most deaths from alcohol come from cardiovascular disease and cancers when you look at average consumption by age and sex within countries."
Gakidou说：“从各个国家的不同年龄和性别来看，大多数死于酒精的人都患有心血管疾病和癌症。”
Potential benefits outweighed by overall risk
整体风险大于潜在好处
The results appear to fly in the face of research that indicates moderate drinking -- in the United States, that's one drink a day for women and two a day for men -- might reduce the risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. That might be true in isolation, Gakidou said, but the picture changes when all risks are considered.
这项研究表明适量饮酒 - 在美国，女性每天喝一杯，男性每天喝两杯 – 或可降低心脏病和2型糖尿病的风险。Gakidou说，这可能是孤立的，但当考虑到所有风险时，情况就改变了。
"We too found some protective effects for Type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease at low levels of alcohol consumption," she said. "But those benefits are outweighed by the overall adverse health impact of alcohol, even at moderate levels."
“我们也发现在低酒精摄入量下对2型糖尿病和缺血性心脏病有一些保护作用，”她说。但酒精对健康的总体影响超过了这些益处，即使是适量饮用。
Jeremy Pearson, associate medical director at the British Heart Foundation, agreed, saying in a statement, "While there may be a slight benefit to heart and circulatory health from modest drinking, many studies have shown that the overall health risks of drinking alcohol outweigh any benefits."
英国心脏基金会副主任Jeremy Pearson对此表示赞同，他在一份声明中说：“适度饮酒对心脏和循环健康可能略有裨益，但许多研究显示，饮酒的总体健康风险大于任何好处。”
University of Cambridge epidemiologist Steven Bell co-authored a separate study published in April in The Lancet that found drinking is beneficial in lowering the risk for heart attack. However, that study's big takeaway was that even one drink a day could shorten life expectancy; long-term reduction in alcohol use added one to two years to life expectancy at age 40.
剑桥大学流行病学家史蒂文·贝尔与另一位研究人员合著了一份独立研究，发表在4月份的《柳叶刀》杂志上，研究发现饮酒有助于降低心脏病发作的风险。然而，这项研究最大的收获是，即使每天喝一杯，也可以缩短预期寿命；长期减少饮酒会使40岁的预期寿命延长一到两年。
He points out that his study looked only at drinkers, but the new research compared drinkers to non-drinkers in accessing risk and is one of the first to look at data from low- and middle-income countries.
他指出，他的研究只关注饮酒者，但是新的研究将饮酒者和非饮酒者在获得风险方面都做了比较，并且是第一个将低收入和中等收入国家的数据囊括在内的研究。
"Based on these findings," Bell said, "at no point ... is there a level of consumption that appears to lower the overall risk of developing any of the wide array of diseases investigated in comparison to non-drinking.
“基于这些发现，” 贝尔说，“是不是……与不喝酒相比较，有没有某种程度较低的饮酒可以降低各种疾病发展的总体风险呢？
"The take-home message being that people shouldn't drink under the belief that it will lower their risk of disease," he said, "and those of us who opt to drink should minimize our intake if we wish to prolong our life and well-being."
他说：“我们希望传递的信息是，人们不应该相信喝酒会降低患病风险，如果我们想延长寿命和幸福的话，那些选择喝酒的人应当尽量减少摄入量。”
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