大家有木有发现一个问题,肺栓塞的教材、指南,都不提一件事:肺栓塞要不要复查肺动脉CTA,何时复查?
鄙人觉得,肯定有必要复查。为什么呢?看下图:
这是肺癌合并肺栓塞的CT。看不清?很正常,因为国内的文献不喜欢给图,喜欢一大堆灰常、灰常无聊的文字描述,即使有图,也是非常的看不清。雾里看花,水中望月,不好意思,比这个清除。
以前遇到一个病人,肺癌合并肺栓塞。肺栓塞会屎人啊,国内医患关系这么恶劣,急性期肺栓塞做手术很危险啊。然而,患者虐我千百遍,何时妨碍我手闲?没有扩散的肺癌都要尽量手术啊。怎么办?肿么办?
先抗凝,一月后复查肺动脉CTA,血栓消失,赶紧手术,万一进展了错失良机成千古恨。术后病理证实为肺癌,术后继续抗凝,长期存活。
问题来了:不复查肺动脉CTA,如何和谐的开展手术?所以,肺栓塞有必要复查肺动脉CTA。
还有,肺栓塞治疗要多久?2015年中国急性肺栓塞诊断与治疗专家共识指出:有明确危险因素的急性肺栓塞,例如手术诱发的、坐飞机诱发肺栓塞,如已去除暂时性危险因素,推荐抗凝治疗3个月;无明确诱发危险因素的急性肺栓塞:应给予口服抗凝治疗至少3个月;肿瘤患者发生急性肺栓塞后应接受长期抗凝治疗。
那么,抗凝到了疗程,难道就自动停药?你不复查怎么知道还有没有血栓。难道就算是有血栓,疗程到了,也要停药?所以,肺栓塞肯定需要复查肺动脉CTA,就算是不复查肺动脉CTA,至少也要复查肺通气灌注扫描吧!
那么,如何复查?何时复查?很奇怪,指南不说,教材不说,让你自己意会。
既然如此,各凭感觉发挥,我来查查文献,和大家讨论一下这个无聊而又非常有意义的话题。
先来看看国内的文献:
文献1:山东大学齐鲁医院。
山东大学齐鲁医院放射科,肺栓塞42例患者,在溶栓或抗凝治疗后1~3周复查螺旋CT,发现病灶消失24例,病灶减少18例。
文献2:
王辰院士参与的一项研究,确诊的23例肺栓塞患者,所有患者行溶栓治疗,并分别于治疗前、治疗后24 h及14 d行CTPA检查。肺动脉栓塞指数在溶栓治疗后逐渐减小。
复查的非常快。
文献3:
,9例患者,所有患者均在溶栓后1~2周复查,3例复查后血栓基本消失。
文献4:
中山大学附一院,14例大面积肺栓塞,8例治疗24小时后复查,所有患者2周、1个月、3个月复查。8例治疗24小时后复查,2例加重,2周后复查,部分血栓已经再通、或者血栓减少。总共176支肺动脉有血栓,1月后复查,97.2%的血管完全再通,3月后复查高达98.3%。
对于中心充盈缺损、蜂窝状充盈缺损、内缘隆起充盈缺损为主的血栓,多为新鲜血栓,2周复查。覆壁充盈缺损、完全充盈缺损,1~3个月复查。
文献5:
广州呼吸疾病研究所,报道一例骑跨肺栓塞,溶栓后第4天复查胸部CT造影,对比溶栓前,CT示双侧肺动脉主干血栓消失、右下肺基底段肺动脉栓塞较前明显改善。
文献6:
.南京医科大学的报道,以CTA随访的患者55例,随访时间为1-6周。
文献7:
62例肺栓塞,43例血管造影、19例螺旋CT诊断的中央型肺栓塞,螺旋CT随访平均11月,不知道每个患者的具体随访时间。
随访中,48%的患者完全缓解,52%的患者血管内仍有异常。
英文:
To evaluate the resolution of acute central pulmonary embolism (PE). Sixty-two patients with angiographic (n = 43) or spiral computed tomographic (CT; n = 19) diagnosis of acute central PE underwent spiral CT after a mean of 11 months.
At follow-up, 30 patients (group 1; 48%) had complete resolution of acute PE; 32 patients (group 2; 52%) showed endovascular abnormalities (mean follow-up in both groups, 10.5 months).
文献8:
目的:研究急性肺栓塞CT随访的频率。
纳入600例患者,回顾性分析。病人至少随访14月。
Records of all patients were reviewed for at least 14 months. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed by CT angiography in 600 patients.
23.5 %的患者1年内,至少做一次CTA。
At least one follow-up CT angiogram in 1 year was obtained in 141 of 600 (23.5 %).
6.7 %的患者1年内,做2次CTA;三次的占2.5 %,4次的占0.5 %。
Two follow-ups in 1 year were obtained in 40 patients (6.7 %), 3 follow-ups were obtained in 15 patients (2.5 %), and 4 follow-ups were obtained in 3 patients (0.5 %).
141例患者1年内,至少做一次CTA,这些病人第一次随访CTA,10.6 %的患者肺栓塞复发。40例1年内,做2次CTA,这些患者中15.0 %的病人第二次随访发现肺栓塞复发。
Among all patients, recurrent pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 15 of 141 (10.6 %) on the first follow-up CT angiogram and in 6 of 40 (15.0 %) on the second follow-up.
作者观点:应该寻找替代方法复查肺栓塞,减少CT辐射。 Alternative options might be considered to reduce the hazard of radiation-induced cancer, particularly in young women.
文献9:
512例患者,随访肺动脉CTA平均6月。
METHOD AND MATERIALS A follow-up CTA was performed a mean of 6 months after onset in 512 patients with previous radiological confirmed PE.
随访后,59.7%的患者血栓溶解。
RESULTS The sample was integrated by 276 men (53,9%) and 236 women (45.8%) with a mean age of 67.6 years (SD: 17.6). follow-up, 306 patients (59.7%; group 1) had resolution of the clot.
40.2%的患者血管异常。
However 206 patients showed vascular abnormalities (40.2%; group 2).
21.5%的患者CTA仍然提示急性肺栓塞,18.8%发展为慢性肺栓塞。
Of these, CTA showed persistence of acute PE in 110 patients (21.5%; group 2a) and development of chronic PE in 96 patients (18.8%; group 2b).
作者观点:达到疗程常规停抗凝治疗,需要影像学证实血栓溶解。慢性肺栓塞需要血栓切除,这些情况都需要早期复查CTA,及时发现慢性肺栓塞。一句话,肺栓塞的随访,需要复查CTA。
CONCLUSION Thus, routine cessation of anticoagulant therapy in patients with PE should be aided by an image confirmation of the clot resolution.Besides, there is a significant percentage of patients that evolved to chronic PE (18,8%) and pulmonary hypertension (2.7%), whose early detection can improve management, because it has become potentially remediable by thromboendarterectomy.
文献10:
19例患者,抗凝治疗6月之后复查。只有32%的患者复查CT正常。
METHOD: Nineteen patients with acute PE initially identified with spiral CT scan underwent repeat CT examinations at 6 week follow-up after the start of anticoagulant therapy.
RESULTS: Normalization of the pulmonary arteries at follow-up was seen in six patients (32%) only.
文献11:
作者单位:Michigan State University。密歇根州立大学。
69 patients with acute PE from two hospitals were assessed。
69例急性肺栓塞纳入研究。
Complete CT angiographic resolution of PE was seen in six of 15 patients (40%) 2-7 days after diagnostic imaging.
2~7天后复查,15例患者中,6例肺栓塞完全好转。
After day 28, complete resolution occurred in 17 of 21 patients (81%).
28天时,21例中,17例完全好转。
Most patients (81%) showed complete resolution of PE on CT angiography after 28 days
.28天后,81%的患者肺栓塞完全好转。
PEs resolved faster in the main and lobar pulmonary arteries than in the segmental branches.
相对于段肺动脉,主肺动脉、叶肺动脉肺栓塞,好转的更快。
文献12:
作者:Michigan State University。
One hundred and seventy-two outpatients [102 women; mean age 56.7 ± 18.8 (SD)] with an initial CTPA that was negative for pulmonary embolism and a subsequent CTPA within 12 months of their initial study were included in our analysis.
172例初次肺动脉CTA阴性者,12月内复查过CTA者,纳入研究。
CTPAs were negative for pulmonary embolism in 165 (96%) of 172 outpatients who returned to care within 12 months after an initial negative CTPA.
96%的患者复查也是阴性。
In the group with no risk factors none (0%) of 85 patients (P = 0.028) had pulmonary embolism at the time of repeat CTPA.
没有危险因素的那一组,复查CTA全部均无血栓。
文献13:
作者:波斯尼亚热窝大学,有意思。University Hospital of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia。
总共83例,其中23例经肺通气灌注扫描诊断为肺栓塞,并随访6月。
Of 83 consecutive patients with clinically suspected PE examined with V/P SPECT, 23 patients with confirmed PE were followed by serial V/P SPECT examinations over a 6-month period.
随访2周,肺栓塞面积减少 54±26% ,3月时79±30%,6月时82±30%。
The mean relative decrease in PE extent compared with the time of diagnosis was 54±26% at 2 weeks, 79±30% at 3 months, and 82±30% at 6 months.
建议抗凝治疗后三月随访复查肺通气灌注扫描。
This study also confirms that resolution of perfusion defects after PE occurs within the first 3 months of treatment. It is therefore recommended that V/P SPECT follow-up should be considered at 3 months after diagnosis.
文献14:
德国佬写的
Thirty-three patients (15 female, 18 male, mean age 59.4 years) with acute PE were examined initially and 1 week later using both 16-row computed tomography (CT) and MRI with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), real-time MRI and magnetic resonance (MR) pulmonary perfusion imaging.
33例纳入研究,1周后复查,采用肺血管增强CT与MRA(磁共振血管成像)、MR肺灌注扫描做对比。
Follow-up examinations were feasible for all patients. Diagnosis of PE was concordant between MRI and CT in all patients.
磁共振也可以随访肺栓塞。
文献15:
Nineteen patients with acute PE initially identified with spiral CT scan underwent repeat CT examinations at 6 week follow-up after the start of anticoagulant therapy.
19例肺栓塞患者,抗凝6周后复查CT。
Normalization of the pulmonary arteries at follow-up was seen in six patients (32%) only.
只有6例(32%)正常。Residual abnormalities were present in 13 of 19 patients (68%). 其余血管均有异常发现。
肺栓塞治疗后,如何判断疗效?最新专家共识也不说。
2010年的中国专家共识这样说:
溶栓疗效观察指标:(1)症状减轻,特别是呼吸困难好转。(2)呼吸频率和心率减慢,血压升高,脉压增宽。(3)动脉血气分析指标好转。(4)心电图相关指标好转。(5)胸部x线平片显示的肺纹理减少或稀疏区变多、肺血流分布不均改善。(6)超声心动图表现如室间隔左移减轻、右房右室内径缩小、右室运动功能改善、肺动脉收缩压下降、三尖瓣反流减轻等。
也不提肺动脉CTA。
个人观点及总结:
肺栓塞何时复查肺动脉CTA,要看病情,病情加重,及时复查,血栓增多有可能需要溶栓或改变抗凝方案。
肺肺栓塞合并肺癌,2周至一个月复查,有条件及时手术切除肺癌。
抗凝疗程已到,也需要复查,仍有血栓,需要继续治疗。
参考文献:
王青, 马祥兴, 李传福,等. 16层螺旋CT肺血管造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2004, 38(7):711-713.
王建国, 郭佑民,朱力,等. CT肺血管成像对急性大面积肺栓塞患者的动态分析价值[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2008, 42(7):729-733.
郑敏文, 宦怡, 葛雅丽,等. 电子束CT在急性肺动脉栓塞治疗中的应用价值[J]. 实用放射学杂志, 2004, 20(8):698-700.
周旭辉, 李子平, 谭国胜,等. 急性大面积肺动脉血栓栓塞症溶栓治疗的动态CT观察[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2005, 39(3):256-261.
洪城, 张挪富, 李时悦,等. 骑跨型肺动脉栓塞溶栓治疗后继发肺梗死一例[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016, 39(8):646-648.
袁梅, 刘许慧, 俞同福. CT肺动脉阻塞指数对肺栓塞治疗效果的定量评估[J]. 临床放射学杂志, 2011, 30(4):504-507.
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