下面的节选文字均来自经济学人一整个段落，希望在方便理解语义的同时，积累更多的经济学人阅读量，并适应其文风。
grotty令人讨厌的；劣质的；粗鄙的；身体不适；难受。跟grotesque(丑陋奇异的)、grotto (洞穴)同源，洞穴里的生活往往是粗鄙的。跟crypto（加密货币）也是同源词。
Fixing those problems requires complex
cultural changes, says Ms Aiyar of CPR. One state-level government that has
done more than most is in Delhi, India’s capital, under the Aam Aadmi Party
(AAP). Starting in 2015, it massively boosted spending on education. The aim
was to improve infrastructure and the quality and accountability of teachers
and administrators in its secondary schools through a combination of curriculum
reform, training and community involvement. The approach worked: for the past
eight years, formerly grotty government schools in the city have done
far better than private ones.
CPR的艾亚尔女士表示，解决这些问题需要进行复杂的文化改变过程。在印度首都德里，印度平民党（AAP）领导的德里政府在这方面做得比其他大多数邦都多。从2015年开始，德里邦政府大幅增加教育支出，目标是通过课程改革、培训和社区参与等综合措施，改善中学的基础设施、教师和管理人员的质量和责任。这种方法取得了成功：在过去八年里，德里原本糟糕的政府学校的表现要远好于私立学校。
Encumber v. 阻碍，妨碍。中间的-cum跟accumulate同源，表示累积、堆积。因此引申为阻碍。
This lack of technical expertise is a
shame, because Mr Tinubu’s policies are facing unexpected headwinds. In August,
when the central bank published its first audited accounts since 2015, these
revealed a huge hole in the country’s foreign reserves. More than 40% of the
$34bn in foreign reserves the bank held at the end of 2022 were encumbered,
either as collateral for loans from foreign banks or by being tied up in
forward contracts. Nigeria officially claims to have enough foreign currency to
cover almost eight months of imports, but, after subtracting these obligations,
that falls to little more than four months, leaving it vulnerable to external
shocks. “[The central bank] still does not have any firepower to anchor the
market... and calm things down,” says Feyi Fawehinmi, a political commentator.
缺乏技术专长真是可惜，因为Tinubu先生（尼日利亚总统）的政策面临着意想不到的困境。8月份，尼日利亚央行发布自2015年以来的首份审计报告，报告揭示了该国巨大的外汇储备缺口。央行在2022年底持有的340亿美元外汇储备中，超过40%被用作外国银行贷款的抵押品，或者卷入远期合同。尽管尼日利亚官方声称拥有足够的外币储备应对近8个月的进口，但在扣除这些债务后，只能维持4个月多一点，很容易受到外部冲击的影响。政治评论员Feyi Fawehinmi表示：“[央行]仍然没有实力稳定市场...并缓解局势。”
Hackneyed adj. 平凡的，陈腐的。hackney是一个伦敦的地名，这里有small saddle horse let out for hire(小鞍马可供出租)。hackney借入法国后变为haquenée，意思是ambling nag，"nag"指的是一种小型或中型的马匹，通常体型较小、适合进行轻负荷工作或休闲骑乘，尤其是那些在比赛或高强度工作中不够出色的马匹。
Starting with Orwell’s essay may seem as
clichéd as the hackneyed phrases he derides (嘲笑) in it. Published in 1946, this polemic against poor and perfidious
writing will be familiar to many. But its advice on how to write is as apposite
(合适的) now as then. (Besides, it
is short and free.) Orwell analyses the unoriginal, “dying” metaphors that
still haunt the prose of academics, politicians, professionals and hacks. He
lambasts the “meaningless words” and “pretentious diction” of his day; many of
the horrors he cites remain common. To save writers from regurgitating (重复) these, Orwell proposes. The first five
boil down to: prefer short, everyday words and the active voice, cut unneeded
words and strive for fresh imagery. The sixth - “break any of these rules
sooner than say anything outright barbarous” - displays the difficulty of
pinning down something as protean (千变万化的) as language. But this has not stopped others trying.
从奥威尔的文章开始，可能就像他在文章中嘲笑的陈词滥调一样老套。这篇反对拙劣和背信弃义的文章发表于1946年，很多人都很熟悉。但其关于如何写作的建议和那时一样恰当。（此外，文章很短而且免费。）奥威尔分析了仍然萦绕在学者、政治家、专业人士和黑客的散文中的非原创的“垂死”隐喻。他痛斥那个时代“无意义的话语”和“装腔作势的措辞”；他列举的许多糟糕文章仍然屡见不鲜。奥威尔提出，为了避免作家们重复这些观点。前五条可以概括为：偏爱简短、日常用词和主动语态，删减不必要的词语，努力创造新鲜的意象。第六条是宁可违反上述规则，也不要写出极其糟糕的文章，这展示了把握语言多变性的困难。但这并没有阻止人们各种粗陋的尝试。
联系客服
