照片展：火山

原作者：
来源Volcano Photos, Volcano Wallpapers, Pictures, Images -- National Geographic
译者憧憬1986

Photo Gallery: Volcanos

照片展：火山

Three Volcanoes

三座火山

Photograph by John Stanmeyer, National Geographic

John Stanmeyer摄，国家地理

Mount Semeru, seen with an ash plume, is the highest volcano on the Indonesian island of Java and has been in a constant eruption since 1967. It lies at the southern end of the Tengger caldera, which contains smaller volcanoes Mount Bromo and Mount Batok (both seen in the foreground), and several others

 

照片中火山灰中若隐若现的塞莫火山（Mount Semeru）是印度尼西亚爪哇岛上最高的火山，自1967年来经常喷发。它坐落在腾格尔火山（Tengger caldera）最南端，包含了婆罗摩火山（Mount Bromo）和芒巴托克火山（Mount Batok）(照片中可见)以及其他几座火山。

Lava Flowing Into the Pacific

注入太平洋的岩浆

Photograph by Stephen Alvarez, National Geographic

Stephen Alvarez摄，国家地理

With a hiss of steam, lava flows into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Similar flows of molten rock have built up the Hawaiian islands over the course of more than 70 million years.

伴随着蒸汽的嘶嘶声，夏威夷火山国家公园内的岩浆正注入太平洋。在过去的七千多万年里，相似的熔岩流铸造了夏威夷群岛。

Mount Etna, Italy

埃特纳火山（Mount Etna）,意大利

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Carten Peter 摄， 国家地理

Perched above the lighted city of Catania, Italy, Mount Etna hurls a fountain of fire skyward as rivers of lava spill down its flanks. In spite of its dazzling displays, Mount Etna is a relatively safe volcano with rare, compact eruptions and slow-flowing lava that gives people a chance to escape.

埃特纳火山坐落在意大利灯火辉煌的卡塔尼亚城上，火焰直冲云天，火山岩浆如河流般顺着火山两边向外溢出。尽管埃特纳火山看起来让人眼花缭乱，但它还是相对安全的，因其少而紧凑的爆发，并且岩浆流动速度较缓，给了人逃命的机会。

Liquid Lava on Mount Etna

坎特纳火山（Mount Etna）的液体岩浆

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Carsten Peter摄，国家地理

A few hundred degrees separates this pool of fiery orange magma in Italy’s Mount Etna from its hardened, gray crust. At nearly 11,000 feet (3,353 meters), Mount Etna is Europe’s highest active volcano.

几百度的温度把意大利坎特纳火山这一池炽热的橘黄色岩浆与其坚硬的灰色外壳分开。坎特纳火山近一万一千英尺高（3353米），是欧洲最高的活火山。

Volcanic Lightning

火山的闪电

Photograph by Peter Vancoillie, Your Shot

Peter Vancoillie摄，你的镜头

A bright bolt of lightning crackles within the ash cloud from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland in April 2010. Volcanic lightning occurs when roiling ash particles rub against each other and become electrically charged.

2010年四月，冰岛的艾雅拉火山（Eyjafjallajkull）伴随着火山灰云中晴天霹雳般的电闪雷鸣喷发了。当激流般的火山灰粒子相互摩擦带电而产生了火山闪电。

Mount St. Helens After Eruption

爆发后的圣海伦斯（Mount St. Helens）火山

Photograph by Steven L. Raymer, National Geographic

Steven L. Raymer摄，国家地理

A wisp of smoke escapes from Mount St. Helens’ dramatic eggshell-shaped crater after an eruption. Washington State’s volcano is most famous for its catastrophic 1980 eruption that killed 57 people, destroyed homes, bridges, and highways, and triggered an enormous debris avalanche that carved a mile-wide (1.6-kilometer-wide) crater on the mountain.

一小股烟从爆发后的圣海伦斯火山蛋壳型的火山口倾泻而出。1980年灾难性的爆发，使得华盛顿州的火山久负盛名。火山喷发造成57人死亡，众多房屋、桥梁、公路被毁，并引发了大量的岩屑崩落，在山上刻出了一英里宽（1.6千米宽）的火山坑。

Ertale Volcano Crater, Ethiopia

尼塔尔（Ertale Volcano）火山口，埃塞俄比亚

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Carsten Peter摄，国家地理

Climbers mount whorls of lava on the caldera of Ethiopia’s Ertale Volcano as steam escapes from a lava lake in the volcano’s crater, which can reach temperatures of 1,868°F (1,020°C).

登山者攀着螺旋型的熔岩爬上埃塞俄比亚的尼塔尔火山的火山口。高达1868华氏度（1020摄氏度）的蒸汽从火山口的熔岩湖溢出

Boiling Mud, Ethiopia

沸腾的泥浆，埃塞俄比亚

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Carsten Peter摄，国家地理

A pool of mud boils near Dallol Volcano, in Ethiopia’s remote Danakil Depression. Volcanic explosion craters such as Dallol form during phreatic eruptions—where rising magma comes into contact with water beneath the surface of the Earth, causing a steam explosion.

一池泥浆在位于埃塞俄比亚远郊达纳基尔凹地（Danakil Depression）的宽干谷（Dallol）火山附近沸腾着。像宽干谷这样爆裂的火山口形成于蒸汽喷发的过程中，在那里，上升的岩浆与地表下的水接触形成了蒸汽喷发。

Cleveland Volcano, Alaska

克利夫兰（Cleveland）火山，阿拉斯加

Photograph courtesy NASA Earth Observatory

照片鸣谢美国国家航空和宇宙航行局地球瞭望台

Cleveland Volcano releases a plume of ash that rises almost 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) above the North Pacific Ocean in this aerial photograph. Cleveland Volcano, located in the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska, failed to produce an eruption and the plume of ash detached from the volcano two hours after it formed.

在这幅航拍的照片中，克利夫兰火山释放出的火山灰羽在北太平洋上空升起了近两万英尺（六千米）高。卡利夫兰火山位于阿拉斯加西南部的阿留申群岛上，没有喷发出来，火山灰羽形成两个小时后从火山中分离出来。

Pahoehoe Lava, Hawaii

绳状熔岩，夏威夷

Photograph by Steve and Donna O'Meara, Volcano Watch International/National Geographic

Steve和Donna O'Meara摄， 国际火山观察/国家地理

Pahoehoe lava flows on Kilauea volcano in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Unlike aa (pronounced “ah ah”) lava, pahoehoe flows relatively slowly, allowing an insulating skin to form that keeps the temperature close to 2,190°F (about 1,200°C). Aa lava, on the other hand, moves faster and doesn’t have time to develop a skin, resulting in a cooler flow with a more angular texture.

绳状熔岩在夏威夷火山国家公园的基拉韦厄（Kilauea）火山上流淌。不像块状熔岩（aa,读音为“ah ah”），绳状熔岩流淌的相对缓慢，形成一个隔热的外皮，温度保持在接近2190华氏度（约1200摄氏度）。另一方面，块状熔岩移动地更快，没有时间形成外皮，这就导致了岩浆较冷却的流动形成了更有棱角的质地。

OI Doinyo Lengai Volcano

伦盖伊（Ol Doinyo Lengai）火山

Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic

Carsten Peter摄，国家地理

A stream of neon-orange lava cascades down Ol Doinyo Lengai, in Tanzania’s Great Rift Valley. Ol Doinyo Lengai, "Mountain of God" in the language of the Maasai, is the only volcano in the world erupting natrocarbonatite lava, an extremely fluid lava that contains almost no silicon.

一股荧光橙色的岩浆从伦盖伊火山瀑布般的倾泻而下，流入坦桑尼亚的东非大裂谷。马萨伊语中的“神山”，是世界上仅有的喷出natrocarbonatite岩浆的火山。Natrocarbonatite 岩浆是一种极其不固定的、几乎不含硅的岩浆。

Fern Growing From Lava, Hawaii

岩浆中萌生的蕨类植物，夏威夷

Photograph by Frans Lanting, National Geographic

Frans Lanting摄，国家地理

A whisk fern grows from recently cooled lava in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Plants can return rapidly to areas affected by volcanic eruptions. Over time, lava and ash break down to form fertile soils ideal for agriculture.

一种叉形蕨类植物从近期冷却的位于夏威夷火山国家公园的岩浆中萌发。植物可在受火山喷发影响的地区迅速恢复生长。随着时间的过去，岩浆和火山灰分解形成肥沃的、农业生产的理想土壤。

Two Eruptions

两种喷发

Photograph by James Appleton, Your Shot

James Appleton摄，你的镜头

A volcanic eruption and the eruption of light from charged particles in the atmosphere—called the Northern Lights—occur at the same time in Iceland. The island nation was created by volcanic activity and today has 35 active volcanoes, which provide the country with plentiful geothermal power.

一座火山喷发和环境中的带电粒子发出的喷发光（称为北极光）同一时间发生在冰岛。岛上的国家是由火山活动创建的。并且目前，有35座活火山给本国提供了丰富的地热能。

Ash Cloud

火山灰云

Photograph by Snorri Gunnarsson, My Shot

Snorri Gunnarsson摄，我的镜头

Geese fly past the ash cloud from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano that began in April 2010. Ash from the volcano disrupted air traffic in Europe for more than a month.

大雁从2010年4月开始爆发的艾雅拉火山的火山灰云中飞过。火山灰使欧洲的空中交通被破坏了长达一个月之久。

Stars Over Mount Damavand

德马峰（Mount Damavand）上的星

Photograph by Siamak Sabet, Your Shot

 

Siamak Sabet摄，你的镜头

Stars whirl in the sky in a long-exposure photo of Mount Damavand in Iran. The mountain, which is part of the Elburz mountain range south of the Caspian Sea, is the highest volcano in Asia and the highest peak in the Middle East.

长曝光的摄于伊朗德马峰的照片中星星在天空中盘旋。德马峰是里海南边厄尔布尔士山脉的一部分，不但是亚洲最高的火山还是中东的最高点。

Lake Laach

拉赫湖（Lake Laach）

Photograph by Hannah Baumert, My Shot

Hannah Baumert摄，我的镜头

Gas bubbles up from the bottom of Laacher See (or Lake Laach) in Germany. A violent prehistoric eruption caused the Earth's crust to collapse and form a crater that filled with water. The lake lies in an area of Western Germany called the Eifel volcanic field.

气泡从位于瑞士的拉赫湖（Laacher See或Lake Laach）底升腾而出。一场猛烈地史前喷发使得地壳倒塌，并形成了装满水的火山口。该湖位于德国西部地区一个叫艾弗尔火山区（the Eifel volcanic field）的地方。

Arenal Volcano

阿雷纳（Arenal）火山

Photograph by Lawrence Smith, My Shot

Lawrence Smith摄，我的镜头

The Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica erupts suddenly in February 2010, turning the sky an ominous yellow-brown. The volcano is one of the most active in the world.

2010年二月，位于哥斯达黎加的阿雷纳火山突然爆发，天空呈现骇人的的黄棕色。该火山是世界活火山之一。

Thurston Lava Tube

瑟斯顿（Thurston）岩溶洞

Photograph by Kevin Hazelton, My Shot

Kevin Hazelton摄，我的镜头

Lights illuminate the Thurston Lava Tube in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Lava tubes serve as underground pipelines, allowing molten rock to flow under and away from volcanoes.

灯光照亮了位于夏威夷火山国家公园的瑟斯顿岩溶洞。岩溶洞像一个底下管道使熔融岩石从火山下端流走。

Lava Falls

岩浆瀑布

Photograph by Snorri Gunnarsson, My Shot

Snorro Gunnarsson摄，我的镜头

Lava flows into a valley in southern Iceland near the Eyjafjallajkull volcano.

岩浆流入艾雅拉火山附近的冰岛南部山谷。