2016高考英语必考词汇详解(3)
advertise[5AdvEtaiz] v.
1.登广告,做广告:We don’t actually advertise very much. 我们不多做广告。
He advertised for a secretary. 他登广告招聘一名秘书。
2.为…做广告:If you want to sell your product you must advertise it. 你要想卖掉你的产品,你就得为此登广告。
Jobs are advertised in the papers. 在报纸上有招聘广告。
【说明】
用作及物或不及物动词,含义不同,比较:
advertise sth 为…做广告,登广告宣传…;
advertise for sth 登广告征求或寻找某物(其中的 for 表目的)。如:
advertise a job 登广告招聘
advertise for a job 登广告求职
advertisement[Ed5vE:tismEnt] n.[C]广告:
He put an advertisement in the paper. 他在报上登广告。
The wall was covered with advertisements. 墙上贴满了广告。
【
说明】
1. advertisement 也可略作 advert 或 ad:ads for selling cars 销售汽车的广告
2. advertisement 是可数名词,不可数名词用
advertising:The magazine contains a lot of advertising [advertisements]. 这本杂志广告很多。
advice[Ed5vais] n.[U]忠告,建议:
He asked for her advice. 他向她征求意见。
He followed [took] my advice. 他听了我的意见。
Let me give you a piece of advice. 我给你进一句忠言吧。
I want your advice on [about] the matter. 我想听听你对这个问题的意见。
Good advice is beyond price. 有益的忠告是无价之宝。
【说明】
是不可数名词,要表示数量,需借助单位词
piece:
a piece of advice,
two pieces of advice
advise[Ed5vaiz] v. 1.忠告,建议:He did what the doctor advised. 他听从医生的吩咐。/ He advised going to London. 他建议去伦敦。/ He advised me to go to London. 他建议我去伦敦。2.通知,告知:He advised me that I won the prize. 他通知我得奖了。/ Could you advise us of the arrival of the goods? 货物到达时,请通知我们好吗?
【说明】1.后接动词作宾语时,要用动名词,不要用不定式,即说advise doing sth;但是若后接名词或代词作宾语后再接动词时,动词要用不定式,即说 advise sb to do sth。2.表示建议后接宾语从句时,从句谓语通常要用“should + 动词原形”这样的虚拟语气:I advise he (should) start early. 我劝他早点动身。
advocate[5AdvEkit] n.[C]提倡者,鼓吹者:He is a strong advocate of the new method of teaching. 他是新教学方法的积极倡导者。vt.[5AdvEkeit]提倡,鼓吹,主张:He advocates higher salaries for teachers. 他主张提高教师的工资。
【说明】后接动词作宾语时,动词要用动名词(不用不定式):He advocates building more schools. 他主张多建几所学校。
aeroplane[5ZErEplein] n. [C] (英)飞机:fly an aeroplane 驾驶飞机 / travel to Paris by aeroplane 飞往巴黎 / He flew 10 miles a minute in his aeroplane. 他以一分钟10英里的速度驾机飞行。
【说明】aeroplane 为英国英语,美国英语用 airplane,两者均可简化为 plane。
affair[E5fZE] n. 1.[C]事情,事件:I know how to take care of my own affairs. 我知道如何去处理自己的事。/ The affair wasn’t so easily settled. 这件事不那么容易解决。2. (常用复)事务,事态:He is very interested in public affairs. 他对公众事务很感兴趣。
【说明】表示一般性的“事”或“事情”,与 thing, matter, business, event 等大致同义,在口语也可以模糊地表示“活动”、“事件”、“东西”等。表示重要的事情、事务或复杂含混的情况、事态等,通常用复数形式,且一般不与定冠词连用。
affect[E5fekt] vt. 1.影响:Thousands of people were affected by the floods. 成千上万的人受到了洪水的影响。/ Her personal problems seem to be affecting her work. 她的个人问题影响到工作。2.(在情感方面)打动,感动:The story affected us deeply. 故事深深地打动了我们。
【辨析】affect, effect与influence:1. affect 与 effect 的区别是:前者是动词(及物),后者是名词(可数或不可数),两者的关系为:affect=have an effect on。如:To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。2. influence 表示“影响”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。可用作动词(及物)或名词(通常不可数,但有时可连用不定冠词)。
affection[E5fekFEn] n. [U,C]友爱,亲爱,疼爱,爱情:He won her affection(s). 他得到了她的爱情。/ He felt great affection for his sister. 他很疼爱他妹妹。
afford[E5fC:d] vt.1.买得起,花得起:We can’t afford (to buy) a new car. 我们买不起新车。/ Are you able to afford the time for a holiday? 你有时间去度假吗?2.给予,提供:It will afford me great pleasure to have dinner with you. 跟你一道吃饭太让我高兴了。
【说明】1.表示“买得起”、“花得起”时,通常与 can, could, be able to 连用,但表示“给予”时,则无需与之连用。2.表示“买得起”、“花得起”时,其实质意思是指有足够的时间、金钱等,其后可接名词、代词或不定式,意思明确时,可有所省略:afford to take a taxi =afford a taxi 坐得起计程车 / afford the time for a holiday=afford a holiday 抽得出时间去度假
afraid[E5freid] adj. 1.害怕的:Don’t be afraid. 别怕。/ He is afraid of snakes. 他怕蛇。/ She is afraid of flying [to fly]. 她害怕坐飞机。/ He was afraid to go into the house and meet his father. 他不敢进屋去见他父亲。2.担心的:He was afraid of losing face. 他担心丢面子。/ I’m afraid that he won’t help us. 我担心他不会帮我们。/ “Is he not coming?”“I am afraid not.(I’m afraid so.)” “他不来吗?”“看来不会(怕是这样)。”
【说明】be afraid to do sth与be afraid of doing sth有所不同,前者表示害怕做某事或不敢做某事,后者有两个意思,一是表示害怕做某事(与be afraid to do sth 同义),二是表示担心会发生某情况(所担心的情况不一定会发生,此时不能与 be afraid to do sth 互换)。
Africa[5AfrikE] n. 非洲:They went to West Africa to see the wild animals. 他们到西非去看野生动物。
African[5AfrikEn] adj.非洲的,非洲人的:African countries 非洲国家 n.[C]非洲人
after[5B:ftE] prep.1.在…之后:He came back after dark. 天黑后他才回来。/ Shut the door after you. 请随手关门。2.追赶,追求,寻找:The cat ran after the mouse. 猫追老鼠。3.依照,用…的名字:Please make some sentences after this model. 请仿照例子造句。/ She wasnamed Elizabeth after her grandmother. 她依从祖母的名字取名为伊丽莎白。4.由于,鉴于:After what has happened, he will not go. 鉴于已经发生的事情,他不愿去了。5.合乎(想法等):She is a woman after my own heart. 她真是个合乎我心意的女子。6.接连不断:She saw play after play. 她接连不断地看戏。/ Day after day they worked on. 他们日复一日地工作下去。adv.在后,后来:He arrived soon after. 他不久就到了。conj.在…以后:After she got married,she changed completely. 她结婚之后完全变了。
【辨析】1. after与behind:前者主要指位次的先后,后者主要指位置的前后。2. after与in:两者均可表示在一段时间之后,区别是:after以过去时间为起点,通常连用过去时态;in 以现在时间为起点,通常连用将来时态。注意:若表示在某一点时间之后,则只能用after(无论是现在还是过去):I’ll come back after 4 o’clock. 我4点钟以后回来。
【说明】after 用作连词引导时间状语从句时,要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。
afternoon[7B:ftE5nu:n] n.[C,U]下午,午后:He had an afternoon sleep. 他午睡了。/ The meeting was held on the afternoon of March 16. 会议于3月16日的下午举行。
【说明】1.泛指一般下午,其前用介词in,若特指具体某天的下午,则用介词 on。2.当afternoon 与 this, that, each, every, yesterday, tomorrow, one 等连用时,其前不用in, on 等介词,也不用冠词。3.在美国英语中,当表示每天下午或在任何一个下午时,可用复数形式(用作副词):I’m always busy afternoons. 我下午总很忙。(注:morning, evening用法同此)
afterward(s)[5B:ftEwEd(z)] adv. 后来:I’m busy now. I’ll go there afterward(s). 我现在很忙,待会儿再过去。
again[E5gen,E5gein] adv.再一次;又,再:Try again. 再试一次。/ When do we meet again? 我们什么时候再见面? / Never did I see him again. 后来我再也没见过他了。
【说明】通常不能与那些已含有again 意义的词语(如:renew 续借,repeat 重说,rewrite 重写,等)连用。
against[E5geinst,E5genst] prep.1.反对,违反:Are you for or against the plan? 你对这个计划是赞成还是反对?/ That’s against the law.那是违法的。2.逆:He swam against the tide. 他逆流而游。3.倚着,靠着:He stood with his back against the door. 他背靠门站着。4.衬着,与…对比:It is difficult to see anything against this bright light. 对着这种强光很难看到任何东西。5.防备:Wear a warm coat against the cold. 穿上保暖的外衣以防寒。
【说明】against 是介词,不是动词,所以要说 Are you against the plan?而不能说 Do you against the plan?
age[eidV] n.1.年龄:What’s your age? 你多大了?(= How old are you?) / He is 50 years of age. 他50岁了。(= He is 50 years old.) /He got married at the age of 28. 他28岁时结婚。2.长时间:I haven’t seen her for ages. I must phone her (up). 好久没见到她了,我得给她打个电话。3.时代,时期:the Middle Ages 中世纪 / in a scientific age 在科学时代
【说明】1.表示年龄的 age 通常不用 young 来修饰,如不说 young age 或 His age is young 等,但有趣的是old age(老年)和 middle age(中年)却是符合习惯的表达。2.表示“长时间”时,通常用复数,也可以用单数:I waited for ages [an age]. 我等了很久。
agency[5eidVEnsi] n. [C]代理处,经销处,代办处:a travel agency 旅行社 / an advertising agency 广告代理商 / a general agency 总代理店
agent[5eidVEnt]n. [C]代理人,代理商,力量:Our agent in Rome deals with all our Italian business. 我们在罗马的代理商处理我们在意大利的一切事务。/ Rain and sun are the agents which help plants to grow. 雨水和阳光是植物生长的促进力量。
agenda[E5dVendE] n [C]议程:They agreed on an agenda. 他们就议事日程取得一致意见。/ The next item on the agenda was how to cut down the cost of production. 议程上的下一个项目是讨论如何降低生产成本。
aggression[E5greFEn] n.[C,U]侵略,侵犯:This is an aggression upon his rights. 这是对他的权利的侵犯。/ The whole nation rose to resist foreign aggression. 举国奋起抗击外来侵略。
【说明】表示“对…的侵犯”,其后通常接介词 on, upon, against。
aggressive[E5gresiv] adj.1.侵略的,好斗的,咄咄逼人的:It was an aggressive war. 那是一次侵略战争。/ Some people get aggressive after drinking alcohol. 有些人喝了酒后会变得咄咄逼人。2.有进取心的,强有力的:If he wants to succeed, he has to be aggressive. 他要想成功,就得有闯劲。
ago[E5gEn] adv.以前:How long ago did he leave? 他走了多久?/ That was over 20 years ago. 那是20多年前的事了。/ He got marriedten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天结婚的。
agree[E5gri:] v.同意,赞同:Do you agree? 你同意吗? / We agree with what you say. 我们同意你说的。/ They agree that our plan is worth trying. 他们同意我们的计划值得一试。■1. agree with:同意,对…适宜,与…一致:I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你的意见。/ Hard work does not agree with him. 艰苦的工作对他不适宜。/ A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. 动词必须和它的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。2. agree to:同意,答应,接受:He agreed to the plan. 他同意了这个计划。/ We agreed to their arrangement. 我们同意了他们的安排。3. agree on[upon] (通过协商)达成协议:Can we agree on a price (a date)? 我们能不能商定一个价格(日期)?
【说明】1.其后可接不定式,但不能接不定式的复合结构,即不能说 agree sb to do sth。如汉语的“他同意我早点回家”,不能译为 He agreed me to go home early,可译为 He agreed to let me go home early.
agreement[E5gri:mEnt] n. 1.[U]同意,一致:I’m quite in agreement with your decision. 我完全同意你的决定。/ The two things are in agreement. 这两件事是一致的。2.[C]协定,协议,合同:Please sign the agreement. 请签协议。/ We reached an agreement. 我们已达成协议。