阅读理解题的解题技巧
这七个能力要求对应我们常见的六种题型：主旨大意题、细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、文章结构题及作者观点态度题。
1.主旨要义题
（1）要找到文章的关键词，注意but, however, in fact等表达转折的词语，通常作者用这些词语来呈现自己的观点。
（2）主旨在文章开头（如调查或研究结果、新闻报道、部分议论文等）、主旨在文章结尾、主旨在文章第二或第三段（第一或一二段为主题的引子）或通读以后进行对各个部分概括所得，当然最后一种较难，那么就要养成对文章标段，读完每段要抓出段落大意，这种方法对文章结构题也同样适用。
2.词义猜测题
一般在前句或后句中体现，通过解释、说明等方法，常用 that is, that is to say, in other words , which(who)引导的定语从句来解释，或but, however, and 等表示与之相反或并列（同类），通过这些进行简单的分析都不难得出答案。
3.推理判断题
（1）了解常用的表示推断的词：infer, imply, suggest, reveal, mean, intend, conclude等；有时提问中含有may, might, probably, most likely等表示可能的词和surely等表示肯定的词，这些细节词也要注意。
（2）了解类型：推断文章的出处、作者的态度（positive, negative, neutral, approving, opposed, objective, subjective, indifferent, cautious, worried, doubtful, suspicious等）、节选的文章上文或下文所讲内容
（3）根据作者所使用的词语的褒贬性进行判断；区分开作者的态度及作者引用的别人的态度；读文章前先读题、边读边标小结、读一段标出、划出或自己用中文或英文写出本段的main idea来帮助正确定夺文章结构图答案。
阅读理解题的干扰项的设置具有一定的迷惑性，起干扰作用。它不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推断等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个性心理品质也是一种检验，干扰项的干扰性一般在如下五个方面：1．脱离原文；2．以偏概全；3．扩缩范围；4．偷换概念；5．正误并存。希望广大考生在答题时能够透过现象看清本质，选出最佳答案。
特别提醒：1. 选择答案时应尊重原文，以文章作为依据，而不要以自己的假想或经验作为依据。2. 相信自己的第一感觉，没有绝对把握就不要轻易改答案。
练笔：
A
Mrs. Bertha Flowers appealed to me because she was like people I had never met personally. Like women in English novels who walked the moors(旷野) with their loyal dogs racing at a respectful distance. Like the women who sat in front of roaring fireplaces, drinking tea from silver trays full of biscuits. It would be safe to say that just by being herself, she made me feel proud to be Negro.
One summer afternoon, she stopped at the store to buy supplies. Another Negro woman of her health and age would have been expected to carry the paper sacks home in one hand, but Momma said, “Sister Flowers, I’ll send Bailey up to your house with these things.”
“Thank you, Mrs. Henderson. I’d prefer Marguerite, though.” My name sounded so beautiful when she said it. “I’ve been meaning to talk to her, anyway.” They gave each other age group looks.
There was a little path beside the rocky road, and Mrs. Flowers walked in front swinging her arms and picking her way over the stones.
Without turning her head, she spoke to me, “I hear you’re working very good school work, Marguerite, but that it’s all written. The teachers report that they have trouble getting you to talk in class.” We passed the triangular farm on our left and the path widened to allow us to walk together.
“Now no one is going to make you talk—possibly no one can. But bear in mind, language is man’s way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animals.” That was a totally new idea to me, and I would need time to think about it.
“Your grandmother says you read a lot. Every chance you get. That’s good, but not good enough. Words mean more than what is set down on paper.”
She said she was going to give me some books and that I not only must read them, I must read them aloud. She suggested that I try to make a sentence sound in as many different ways as possible.
“I’ll accept no excuse if you return a book to me that has been badly handled.” My imagination boggled(退缩) at the punishment I would deserve if in fact I did abuse a book of Mrs. Flowers’.
The odors in the house surprised me. The sweet scent of vanilla(香草) had met us as she opened the door.
“Have a seat, Marguerite. You see, I had planned to invite you for cookies and lemonade so we could have this little chat.” She carried a plate covered with a tea towel.
When I finished the cookies she brought a thick, small book from the bookcase. I had read A Tale of Two Cities and found it up to my standards as a romantic novel. She opened the first page and I heard poetry for the first time in my life.
“It was the best of times and worst of times...”
Her voice slid in and curved down through and over the words. She was nearly singing. I wanted to look at the pages. Were they the same that I had read? Or were there notes, music, lined on the pages? Her sounds began cascading(瀑布般落下) gently. I knew that she was nearing the end of her reading.
“How do you like that?”
It occurred to me that she expected a response. The sweet vanilla flavor was still on my tongue and her reading was a magic to my ears. I had to speak.
I said, “Yes, ma’am.” It was the least I could do, but it was the most also.
“There’s one more thing. Take this book of poems and memorize one for me. Next time you pay me a visit, I want to recite.”
I have often tried hard to search for the enchantment(着迷) I so easily found in those gifts. To be allowed, no, invited, into the private lives of strangers, to share their joys and fears, was a chance to exchange the Southern bitter wormwood(苦艾) for a cup of mead(蜂蜜酒) with Beowulf or a hot cup of tea and milk with Oliver Twist. When I said aloud, “It is a far, far better thing than anything I have ever done...” tears of love filled my eyes at my selflessness.
I was liked, and what a difference it made, I was respected not as Mr. Henderson’s grandchild or Bailey’s sister but for just being Marguerite Johnson.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Mrs. Flowers came from a white noble family.
B. Marguerite didn’t have many chances to read classics.
C. Marguerite eventually loved to read out her books.
D. Marguerite was ashamed to be a member of her family.
2. What does Mrs. Flowers mean by saying “Words mean more than what is set down on paper” (paragraph 7)?
A. Besides reading, Marguerite should talk more.
B. The contents of books may have different meanings.
C. Human’s voice gives written words deeper meaning.
D. Spoken language is more important than written language.
3. Marguerite’s opinion of A Tale of Two Citiesbefore and after Mrs. Flowers’ reading can be described as _______.
A. poetic … musicalB. satisfactory … scholarly
C. romantic … dramaticD. common … extraordinary
4. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A. The meeting between Mrs. Flowers and Marguerite was probably intentionally arranged.
B. Mrs. Flowers lived a comfortable life.
C. Marguerite hadn’t read poetry before her visit to Mrs. Flowers’ home.
D. Mrs. Flowers would recite new poems on Marguerite’s later visits.
5. Which can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Power of LanguageB. A Lesson in Living
C. A Noble WomanD. My Initial Access to Charles Dickens
B
Big data, the tech story of a few years ago, is now beginning to show big results. The science of using powerful computers, ubiquitous(无处不在的) sensors and the Web to produce mountains of raw data to uncover previously invisible insights is increasingly used in businesses, universities and government agencies. It is transforming our understanding of everything from fetal development to cosmology(宇宙学).
Already, thanks to big data, we have learned that babies learn language not from repetition but by hearing words used in multiple contexts. We can now identify approaching sessions of depression, even suicidal tendencies, by looking at the changing lifestyle (social media usage, diminishing movement) of potential victims. And, using Google search data, epidemiologists(流行病学家) can spot an emerging epidemic before doctors do.
One of the most extraordinary features of big data is that it signals the end of the era of statistics. For 400 years, we’ve been forced to sample complex systems and estimate. Now, with big data, it is possible to measure everything, from the movement of billions of stars to every beat of the human heart.
Big data is also making its way, almost silently, into everyday life. In Israel, 80% of the citizenry contribute traffic data to help each other commute via the WAZE app on smartphones, increasingly the platform of choice for big data. California is looking at using the accelerometers in smart- phones, which detect sudden motion, to create an early-warning system for earthquakes that will be much faster than government-installed devices.
Farmers in the Midwest will soon have measurements taken in their fields nearly down to individual plants—and that will combine data on soil, water and weather to come up with trillions of scenarios for insurance coverage. Victims of natural disasters are now being pinpointed and given aid through real-time analysis of tweets, instant messages and phone calls. Even one of the oldest of arts, geography, is being revolutionized with maps that will change by the second.
But it is in the commercial world where big data has seen its greatest inroads to date. A recent survey by consultants NewVantage Partners has found that the number of U.S. firms using big data in the past three years has jumped 58 percentage points to 63%—while 70% of firms now say that big data is of critical importance to their firms, an astounding jump from 21% in 2012. That’s one of the fastest tech-adoption rates ever. Meanwhile, the title of chief data officer—the C-Suite manager of big data—a title that until recently didn’t even exist, is now found in 54% of companies surveyed.
The commercial impact of this revolution can be found everywhere from products and services that can predict the unique needs of individual customers, to improved credit precision, to stores that adapt (through special discounts and deals that pop up on your smartphone) to each customer who walks through the door.
To date, much of this activity has remained hidden from sight. But soon it will burst forth much more publicly—and the experiences of daily life will be profoundly transformed into a new set of personalized, predictive and empowered experiences we can barely imagine today.
1. Big data is different from past statistics in that _______.
A. it uses sample systems to analyze and estimate B. it can measure and calculate everything
C. it affects every aspect of life D. it uses computers, sensors and the Web
2. Big data has not been used in _______?
A. identifying potential depressionB. choosing suitable routes
C. insuring farmers’ plantsD. meeting customers’ special needs
3. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A. babies used to learn language from repetition
B. government-installed devices are not used in detect earthquakes any more
C. C-suite mangers have long existed in most companies
D. the public has not been aware of the impacts of big data on life
C
The 2016 presidential candidates have subjected voters nationwide to a cognitive challenge: can you untangle what one candidate is saying while the others talk over him? That challenge is a test of something called the cocktail party problem, or 'speech-on-speech perception.' Researchers in The Netherlands recently investigated, with a group of 18 musicians and 20 nonmusicians—to see if musicians are any better at it.
The scientists played the study subjects a sample of one speaker masking another—for example, try to follow what the second speaker is saying: Except they used Dutch samples. Anyway, the participants listened to this multi-voice babble(含糊不清的话)with headphones, then attempted to repeat the target sentence, to see how many words they could make out. And it turns out musicians scored significantly higher than non-musicians did in deciphering(破译) the target phrase. The study is in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
It turns out musicians might be better at something called 'stream segregation'—separating out one meaningful audio stream among others. 'And this is the case indeed for musicians when they want to listen to hear out one specific instrument, within a group of instruments.' said Etienne Gaudrain, a hearing scientist at University Medical Center Groningen in the Netherlands. His co-author, Deniz Başkent agreed. 'Anecdotally, when I speak to my musician friends, they do indeed mention situations like this, that they say they can switch their attention easily to either hear one stream, like from an orchestra piece or a band, or they can also combine patterns. So this requires quite a lot of cognitive control to be able to hear one stream or two streams together or to hear all of them together, but we think they are very well trained in this kind of skill.”
It's unclear whether this ability helps the candidates much. Neither Mike Huckabee, who plays bass in the band 'Capitol Offense,' nor Martin O'Malley, who strums and croons in 'O'Malley's March,' made it far enough to really exercise their ears.
1. The underlined word “untangle ” in Paragraph 1 means ______________.
A. release from entanglement of B. separate the fibers or threads of
C. express an opinion or view D. oppose or support an attitude
2. According to the passage, what is Deniz Başkent’s view?
A. Musicians didn’t score higher than non-musicians did
B. Musicians might be better at something called 'stream segregation'
C. Musicians can not switch their attention easily
D. Musicians have subjected voters nationwide to a cognitive challenge.
3. Which is the suitable title?
A. It's unclear whether this ability helps the candidates much.
B. Presidential candidates have subjected voters nationwide to a cognitive challenge.
C. Musicians have subjected voters nationwide to a cognitive challenge.
D. Bring a Musician to Untangle Cocktail Party Din
参考答案阅读理解
1）CCDAB 2）BCD 3）ABD
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