三国分治与印法趋同
Separate Regimes, Converging Seal Standards
魏晋南北朝三百多年间经历了秦汉印系的延续和嬗变的过程。中国书法风格在此期间实现了向楷书的转变。但秦汉印风规范的历史惯性使印文的体式避免了激变。魏蜀吴三国玺印形制因循汉代。西晋的短暂统一促使印风归于整饬谨严。随着南北分裂局面的形成，中原的文化形态在传承中也出现变异，印风的不同走势逐渐明显，直至隋代新体制的重建。
The 300-odd years of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties saw the continuation and transmutation of the Qin and Han seal system. Calligraphic style also transformed into kai regular script in this period, but the habit formed in the Qin and Han dynasties determined that no radical change was made to the style of seal characters. The seals of the Wei, Shu and Wu states followed the standard of the Han Dynasty. The short-lived reunification under the Western Jin resulted in seals becoming neat and well-built. However, once the unified country broke up into north and south, Central Plains culture also changed, and seal styles diverged until the establishment of a new standard under the Sui Dynasty.
东汉末年，蓄积已久的政治经济矛盾终于引发持续的社会动荡。连绵不断的农民起义风潮中，中原军阀亦展开混战，又一次剧烈变局已经不可避免。公元220年，随着汉末傀儡皇帝汉献帝被废，南北同时出现曹魏（220—265年）、蜀汉（221—263年）和东吴（222—280年）三个主要割据政权，形成三国鼎立之势。
In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a long accumulation of political and economic conflicts finally led to continuing social unrest. Amid continuous waves of peasant uprisings, the warlords of the Central Plains also started a tangle of wars, and radical change once more became inevitable. In 220 A.D., following the deposing of the puppet Emperor Xian, last of the Han rulers, three separatist regimes were established in succession in China’s core areas. Wei(220-265), Shu(221-263) and Wu (222-280) formed the tripartite balance of the Three Kingdoms.
魏、蜀、吴三国在政治传统上仍以汉为宗，力图标榜自己的正统地位。汉末时丞相曹操初“协天子以令诸侯”，后其子曹丕（220—227年在位）虽废汉自立，但在名义上是受汉献帝禅位，承其玺印，仍号称“行汉正朔”；蜀主刘备是汉帝室后裔，自然以光复汉室为旗号，故在制度上虽对旧法的繁芜之处有所改革，但基础未变。这就决定了三国印制仍循汉代遗规。另一方面，两汉沿续四百年的玺印文字、形制与工艺传统具有持久的历史惯性，并不能在短期内出现激变。这两方面的作用力，导致了三国玺印形制与文字风格总体走向必然是承上启下，保持平正敦厚的格调。但三国之间的差异亦有所表现。
The three kingdoms, Wei, Shu and Wu, in an attempt to advertise their legitimacy, still modeled their political traditions on those of the Han Dynasty. At the end of the Han Dynasty, first, Grand Chancellor Cao Cao “usurped power by holding the emperor as a hostage and acting in his name.” Then his son Cao Pi(r.220-227), although he had toppled the Han and made himself the emperor, nominally accepted the throne from the abdication Han Emperor Xian. Therefore, he inherited its imperial xi and carried on Han systems. Liu Bei, the monarch of Shu, was a descendant of the Han emperor, and so was naturally on the side of restoring that dynasty. Therefore, in respect of systems, although reforming some redundant aspects of the old laws and making some contribution to them, he did not change the fundamentals. This determined that the seal system still followed Han Dynasty regulations. Furthermore, the characters, forms, and technical tradition of seals handed down through four centuries of Han rule carried the weight of a long history, making rapid, radical changes unlikely. These two factors determined that general direction of the forms, the making and the character style of Three Kingdoms seals was inevitably one of linking the past with the future, maintaining a style of plainness and simplicity. That said, there were differences between the seals of the individual kingdoms.
本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年。
Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010
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